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Biology 11 > 11.2 Structure and Function of the Heart > Flashcards

11.2 Structure and Function of the Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

Pulmonary meaning

A

Latin word meaning “lung”

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2
Q

Aortic meaning

A

Greek word meaning “to lift”

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3
Q

Vena Cava meaning

A

Vena= Latin word for vein
Cava= Latin word for cave/hollow

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4
Q

Coronary meaning

A

Latin word for crowned

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5
Q

Septum meaning

A

Divides something in half (nasal septum, cardiac septum…)

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6
Q

heart

A

Hollow organ made entirely of muscle

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7
Q

As your heart ____, blood is pumped out

A

contracts

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8
Q

When your heart ________, blood fills it

A

relaxes

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9
Q

This entire process of pumping blood in and out is known as the _______________, and takes approximately 0.8s

A

cardiac cycle

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10
Q

Heart is enclosed by the ___________

A

pericardium

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11
Q

pericardium

A

protective membranous sac that encloses the heart

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12
Q

heart is divided by _______ septum

A

cardiac

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13
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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14
Q

2 ______________ called _______ receive blood returning to the heart

A

upper chambers; atriums

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15
Q

Atria (s. atrium)

A

Pump blood a short distance
Have thin walls

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16
Q

2 ______________ called __________ pump blood out of the heart to the body

A

lower chambers; ventricles

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17
Q

ventricles

A

Pump blood a far distance
Have thicker walls

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18
Q

Valves in heart prevent blood from ______________

A

flowing backward

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19
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Valves located between atria and ventricles
Bicuspid/mitral (left); tricuspid (right)

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20
Q

Semilunar valves

A

-pulmonary valve
-located between the right ventricle and
pulmonary artery

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21
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

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22
Q

With each _____ the valves open, allowing blood to ___________

A

heartbeat; flow through

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23
Q

The valves in the heart then close preventing ______________

A

backflow

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24
Q

“Lub Dub” sound comes from valves _______

A

closing

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25
Q

“lub” is ________- valves closing

A

atrioventricular

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26
Q

“dub” is the ______ and _____ valves closing

A

pulmonary; aortic

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27
Q

The heart is often considered to be a “_________________”

A

double pump

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28
Q

One pump pushes blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

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29
Q

One pump pushes blood to the rest of the body

A

systemic circuit

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30
Q

systemic circuit

A

O2 rich blood
left Atrium
left ventricle
aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
O2, nutrients, CO2, wastes diffuse in and out of capillaries

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31
Q

in systemic circuits, once capillary exchange has been completed, blood is ___________ and flows back to the ____ ___ of the heart through the _____ _____ veins

A

deoxygenated; right atrium; vena cava

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32
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

vein entering the heart from the upper body

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33
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

vein entering the heart from the lower body

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34
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary arteries
lungs to get O2 via diffusion
blood returns to heart through pulmonary veins
The circuit starts all over again

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35
Q

Most arteries in your body carry oxygen-rich blood and most veins carry oxygen-depleted blood. However, the blood vessels in the pulmonary circuit do the ____ _____

A

exact opposite

36
Q

in the pulmonary circuit, pulmonary artery carries ________

A

deoxygenated blood

37
Q

in the pulmonary circuit, pulmonary vein carries _______

A

oxygenated blood

38
Q

The heart receives _____ _____ oxygen for itself

A

very little

39
Q

Coronary arteries branch from the _____

A

aorta

40
Q

Coronary arteries cover the surface of the heart like a crown and supply the heart muscle with ______________

A

the necessary nutrients

41
Q

pacemaker

A

Aka sinoatrial (SA) node
Region of your heart located in right atrium
Electrically sets the rate at which your heart contracts

42
Q

pacemaker generates __________________ that spread rapidly over walls of both atria, making them ______

A

electrical impulses; contract

43
Q

Impulses from the pacemaker then spread to the _________________

A

AV node (atrioventricular node)

44
Q

Electrical impulses spread to _____ causing them to ______

A

ventricles; contract

45
Q

Contracting ______ send blood to the rest of the body

A

ventricles

46
Q

pacemaker process

A

-Generates electrical impulses that spread rapidly over walls of both atria, making them contract
-Impulses then spread to the AV node (atrioventricular node)
-Electrical impulses spread to ventricles causing them to contract
-Contracting ventricles send blood to the rest of the body

47
Q

atria contract

A

blood forced into relaxed ventricles

48
Q

ventricles contract

A

pumping blood to arteries, atria are relaxed

49
Q

tachycardia

A

-medical term for a heart rate over 100 beats a minute
-many types of irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) can cause tachycardia.

50
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

-type of irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
-during ventricular fibrillation, the lower heart chambers contract in a very rapid and uncoordinated manner
-as a result, the heart doesn’t pump blood to the rest of the body

51
Q

heart block

A

when the electrical impulses that control the beating of the heart muscle are disrupted

52
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

blood pressure cuff

53
Q

what units are used to measure blood pressure?

A

Measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)
-e.g. 120/80 mm Hg

54
Q

120/80 mm Hg

what type of pressure is 120?

A

120 = systolic pressure

55
Q

120/80 mm Hg

what type of pressure is 80?

A

80 = diastolic pressure

56
Q

systolic pressure

A

Highest pressure in an artery when ventricles contract

57
Q

diastolic pressure

A

Lowest pressure in an artery during relaxation phase

58
Q

blood pressure depends on which 2 factors?

A

cardiac output and resistance of arteries

59
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

60
Q

Resistance of arteries

A

related to elasticity of arteries

61
Q

BP varies according to

A

height, weight, fitness, time of day, physical activity, hydration, etc.

62
Q

How does a stethoscope work?

A

-transmits vibrations from the patient through the chest piece, which is a diaphragm or hollow cup.

-the sounds then vibrate through hollow tubes
to the listener’s ears

-the diaphragm transmits higher-frequency vibrations and the hollow cup transmits lower-frequency vibrations

63
Q

What happens when the heart
muscle contracts?

A

As your heart contracts,
blood is pumped out

64
Q

What happens when the heart
muscle relaxes?

A

When your heart relaxes, blood enters the heart.

65
Q

What is the function of valves in the heart?

A

Valves in the heart prevent blood from flowing backward

66
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

The valves that are located between the atria and ventricles

67
Q

pulmonary valve

A

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

68
Q

aortic valve

A

between the left ventricle and the aorta

69
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

blood travels from the right side of your heart
through the pulmonary arteries to your lungs

70
Q

What makes the “lub dub” sound of your
heart beating?

A

When the valves close, they cause the familiar heart sound of “lub dub.”

-“lub” sound is the atrioventricular valves closing

-“dub” sound happens when the pulmonary and aortic valves close

71
Q

State one way in which the function of the
pulmonary artery is different from the
function of other arteries in the body.

A

Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-depleted
blood to the lungs.

(blood vessels in the pulmonary
circuit do the exact opposite)

72
Q

What is the difference between the superior
vena cava and the inferior vena cava?

A

The vein entering the heart from the UPPER body is called the superior vena cava.

The vein entering the heart from the LOWER body is called the inferior vena cava.

73
Q

How are the cells of the heart supplied with
necessary oxygen and nutrients?

A

The coronary arteries cover the surface of the heart like a crown and supply the heart muscle with the necessary nutrients

74
Q

Where in the heart would you find the area
known as the pacemaker?

A

The pacemaker is located in the wall of the right atrium

75
Q

About how many times does a heart beat
per minute?

A

between 60 and 100 times per minute

76
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

A

pressure cuff used to measure blood pressure

77
Q

hormones

A

The pacemaker is controlled by both the nervous system and the endocrine system, which produces chemicals called hormones

78
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the second number in a blood pressure measurement, is the lowest recorded pressure
in an artery during the relaxation phase of the heartbeat

79
Q

systolic pressure

A

The first number in a blood pressure measurement is the highest recorded pressure in an artery when the ventricles contract.

80
Q

What two factors does blood pressure
depend on?

A

cardiac output and resistance of arteries

-the first factor, cardiac output, is the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart each minute.
-e.g. if the volume of blood pumped through an
artery increases, you would expect that the
pressure of the blood would also increase.

-the second factor that affects blood pressure is the resistance of the arteries
-arterial resistance is related to the elasticity in the arteries
-e.g. if the arteries do not expand easily and
instead resist the flow of blood, the pressure of
the blood on the arterial walls increases.

81
Q

What is an average blood pressure reading
for a healthy adult?

A

Blood pressure in a healthy young adult might
vary between about 110 and 130 over 70 to 90, with an average of about 120/80

82
Q

true or false: a blood pressure consistently above 140/90 is considered low

A

false

-it’s considered high

83
Q

Explain why the heart is called a “double pump.”

A

Although it is one organ, the heart functions as two pumps.

One pump pushes blood to the lungs, while the other pump pushes blood to the rest of the body.

84
Q

benefits of the heart being a “double pump”

A

ensures that oxygen-rich blood
is constantly delivered to cells.

85
Q

The two pathways or circuits of blood
through the body are called …

A

the pulmonary circuit and the systemic
circuit

86
Q

Suppose you listened with a stethoscope below
a sphygmomanometer and heard sounds beginning
at 140 mm Hg and stopping at 95 mm Hg.
(a) What is the systolic blood pressure reading?
(b) What is the diastolic blood pressure reading?
(c) What is this person’s blood pressure?

A

a) 140 mm Hg
b) 95 mm Hg
c) 140/95

87
Q

Suppose you listened with a stethoscope below
a sphygmomanometer and heard sounds beginning at 140 mm Hg and stopping at 95 mm Hg.

(d) Is this a healthy blood pressure? Explain

A

no because a blood pressure consistently above 140/90 is considered high

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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