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AQA A-Level Human Geography > 🖼️Place Study - Detroit > Flashcards

🖼️Place Study - Detroit Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Detroit located?

A

North East USA- the industrial heartland
On the edge of the Great Lakes
Michigan
Close to the Canadian border

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2
Q

What is heavy industry?

A

Industry that involves one or more characteristics of large and heavy equipment or facilities, or complex and numerous processes

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3
Q

What was the ‘Steel Belt’?

A

A belt of the North East US where established waterways, roads and railroads connected coalfields and rich iron ores to produce much of America’s steel products

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4
Q

Why did Detroit’s location make it key to the Steel Belt?

A

The Appalachian coalfields were to the south and Michigan’s upper peninsula has rich iron ore, so resources were easily available

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5
Q

What were the ‘3 giants’ in Detroit?

A

Ford, General Motors and Chrysler

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6
Q

What did Detroit become famous for within the steel belt?

A

Cars

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7
Q

How did Henry Ford change industrial processes?

A

He invented the production line in 1913

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8
Q

What happened after the Great Depression?

A

People moved North to find work

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9
Q

How many people did Ford employ when it first opened?

A

50,000

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10
Q

Why were Ford jobs so attractive?

A

They paid well and allowed workers to afford the cars they were building

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11
Q

How did Detroit’s population change between 1820 and 1920?

A

It grew form 1000 to 1,000,000 and the % White stayed roughly constant

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12
Q

How did Detroit’s population change between 1930 and 2010?

A

It shrank from 1,800,000 to 700,000, and from predominantly White (92%) to predominantly Black (83%)

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13
Q

When did the population peak?

A

Around 1950

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14
Q

When were the Great Migrations?

A

Between 1910 and 1980

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15
Q

Why did many Black residents move to Detroit from the South?

A

To escape racial segregation laws and find jobs

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16
Q

How much of Detroit is suburbs?

A

90%

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17
Q

Why is so much of Detroit made up of suburbs?

A 
Construction of interstate highways
High taxes and house prices in city
Racial tensions in city
White flight
Cars become more accessible for travel
Business moved out of Detroit
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18
Q

What were some of the forces of change in Detroit?

A

Globalisation, TNCs, International Institutions

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19
Q

How did oil prices cause decline in the city?

A

As the oil crisis hit (1956), prices quadrupled and people were put off buying and running cars, so the automotive industry suffered

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20
Q

How did TNCs cause decline in Detroit?

A

They provided competition as other manufacturers produced similar products at cheaper prices, forcing companies in Detroit to look elsewhere for cheaper labour costs

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21
Q

How did the number of automotive firms in Detroit change in the years of the oil crisis?

A

Fell from 3400 to 2300

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22
Q

When did Detroit declare bankruptcy?

A

2013

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23
Q

How do wages in Detroit today compare to the US as a whole?

A

They are $2.12 an hour lower for skilled workers

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24
Q

How does overall educational attainment compare to other states today?

A

Much lower

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25
Q

What tax laws were passed in 2012?

A

To lower income tax rates to lowest in Midwest, tries to attract people

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26
Q

How much of the city is currently empty?

A

50%

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27
Q

What are the top employers in Detroit today?

A

Trade, transportation and utilities
Professional and business services
Manufacturing

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28
Q

What is an enclave?

A

Areas within a city where people of a certain culture come together, characteristic of migration

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29
Q

Which cities did African-Americans move to in the migration?

A

Detroit, Chicago, New York

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30
Q

How many people had resettled in manufacturing areas by 1929?

A

1.5 million

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31
Q

When was the second wave of migration?

A

The 1940s, when more people were required to work for the war effort

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32
Q

How many people had resettled by the end of the second migration?

A

5.9 million

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33
Q

How many Black residents moved away from Detroit 2000-2010?

A

185,000

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34
Q

Why did some Black residents move away from Detroit in the 2000s?

A

Mostly skilled people, moved up to more ‘middle class’

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35
Q

How does Detroit’s White percentage population compare to the rest of Michigan?

A

10% versus 77%

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36
Q

What is Motown?

A

A record label signing mostly Black artists in Detroit, changed sound of America

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37
Q

What was Detroit known as?

A

‘Motor City’

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38
Q

Who founded Motown?

A

Berry Gordy

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39
Q

How did Gordy’s experience on production lines impact the running of the record label?

A

He introduced ‘Quality Control’ to ensure only the best music was released

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40
Q

How did Motown break down racial segregation?

A

It provided music that was enjoyed by all people, broke down ‘Black music’ stereotype

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41
Q

Why did the averaqe income in Detroit fall?

A

Because white people left, who had most of the wealth, while black people generally worked low paid service jobs

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42
Q

Where were black people allowed to live?

A

The Brewster housing developments

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43
Q

Who were the migrants who moved to Detroit in the 40s?

A

Poor white southerners and black people

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44
Q

What happened at the Packard Motor Car Company in June 1943?

A

Three black people were promoted to work alongside the whites and in response, 25,000 white workers went on strike

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45
Q

What started the 1943 race riot?

A

Fights between black and white youths in the Belle Isle

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46
Q

When was the 1967 race riot?

A

23-27th June 1967

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47
Q

Who was the riot primarily enacted by?

A

Black residents

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48
Q

What were the primary root causes of the riot?

A

Police abuse, economic inequality, changing demographics and lack of affordable housing

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49
Q

What triggered the start of the 1967 race riot?

A

A police raid on an unlicensed drinking bar in a black neighbourhood

50
Q

How many were arrested at the bar raid?

A

82

51
Q

What was the 1967 race riot known as?

A

The 12th street riot

52
Q

How did the governor and president react to the rioting?

A

By sending in thousands of National Guard troops and paratroopers

53
Q

What event occurred during the 12th street riot?

A

The Algiers Motel Incident

54
Q

What sparked the Algiers Motel Incident?

A

A Black resident shot a toy gun from the window towards the army and police, and a raid was carried out

55
Q

What did interrogation of the black residents involve?

A

Mocking killings of the others

56
Q

Who were the suspects after the Motel incident?

A

Black males, no white police officers

57
Q

How many people were employed in the automotive sector at its height?

A

350,000

58
Q

What is Eight Mile Road?

A

A road spanning more than 20 miles across Detroit with 8 lanes of traffic, separates Wayne & Washtenaw counties

59
Q

What does Eight Mile Road act as?

A

A physical dividing line between predominantly African American and White areas

60
Q

What is depicted in the film 8 Mile?

A

Eminem plays a fictionalised version of himself growing up in Detroit around the area and segregation of 8 mile road

61
Q

What was the film ‘Detroit’ based on?

A

The Algiers Motel Incident

62
Q

Where did Detroit’s poorest residents live?

A

In central, downtown Detroit

63
Q

Locale

A

The Steel Belt Boom- Ship building and railroad cars
Used to be a car manufacturing city
Lack of community spirit

64
Q

Sense of Place

A

Run down city
Clear population divide
Many derelict buildings

65
Q

When did the city become associated with car manufacturing?

A

20th Century

66
Q

What triggered the ‘Great Migration’?
How many migrants came?

A

Car manufacturing
200,000 mainly black Americans came from the Deep South

67
Q

What was the largest force of change leading to the car industry decline?

A

Ford and GM
Relocated to countries like Brazil where labour was cheaper (caused a large number of redundancies in Detroit- increased unemployment)
Also rise in foreign competition i.e. BMW

68
Q

Why was OPEC a force of change leading to the car industry decline?

A

1974 Arab embargo- oil prices quadrupled
Consumers turned to fuel efficient cars like Toyotas to reduce petrol costs- Ford saw reduced demand

69
Q

Why was the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 a force of change leading to car industry decline?

A

Encouraged consumers to buy fuel efficient cars
Ford and GM saw reduce sales, so went abroad for cheaper labour to maintain high profits

70
Q

Which sector dominates Detroit today?

A

Tertiary (80%)
Secondary (only 20%)

71
Q

Main industries of Detroit?

A

Trade
Transport
Utilities

72
Q

What does Detroit Soup do?

A

Promote community based development through crowdfunding
Community pays $5, has soup and listens to 4 speakers talk about their idea to help the community, then they vote
One with the most votes receives the money raised to fund their project

73
Q

Detroit Soup: Economic Project Example

A

Rebel Nell
Employs disadvantaged women, teaches them how to make jewellery
Educates them on finance and business management so they can continue in the future

74
Q

Detroit Soup: Rebel Nell Successes

A

Improves QofL for disadvantage women
Can use their new skills to earn a living in the future
Continually helps new women

75
Q

Detroit Soup: Rebel Nell Limitations

A

Doesn’t help men
Only small scale- can’t help everyone
Local market will become flooded with jewellery- only so much demand

76
Q

Detroit Soup: Social Project Example

A

Shakespeare in Detroit
Residents take part in performances
So far engaged 8,000 audience members
Stages performances in historic sites all over Detroit

77
Q

Detroit Soup: Shakespeare in Detroit Successes

A

Encourages cultural diversity- brings together the community
Goes into local schools and teaches Shakespeare- wider reaching
Inspires some students

78
Q

Detroit Soup: Shakespeare in Detroit Limitations

A

Have to audition- many residents lack the confidence
Only people with an interest in theatre benefit

79
Q

Detroit Soup: Environmental Project Example

A

Fresh Cut Flower Farm
Converted part of the derelict inner city into a farm
Local people grow the flowers
Sold to florists and wholesalers

80
Q

Detroit Soup: Fresh Cut Flower Farm Successes

A

Employs locals
Educates in horticulture
Improves the aesthetics of the area
Open days strengthen community spirit
Encourages businesses to invest

81
Q

Detroit Soup: Fresh Cut Flower Farm Limitations

A

Small scale- can’t have a large economic impact
Doesn’t employ a large number of people
Very niche- not many florists in the area- so hard to expand in the future

82
Q

Overall impact of Detroit Soup

A

Lots of small scale projects- something to suit everyone
Tackles social, economic and environmental issues

83
Q

Population in 1900?
What percentage white?
Black?

A

286,000
98% white
1.4% black

84
Q

Population in 1950?
What percentage white?
Black?

A

1,850,000
84% white
16% black

85
Q

Population in 2010?
What percentage white?
Black?

A

714,000
11% white
83% black

86
Q

Why did suburbanisation occur?

A

Increased racial tension- ‘white flight’
Increasing tax rates in the city
Lower crime rates in suburbs
Federal Aid Highway Act 1956- increased highways- could commute
Later on, diminishing jobs opportunities in the city, so people went where the work was

87
Q

Why were businesses attracted to the suburbs?

A

Cheaper land
Good transport links
Good communication links

88
Q

Ethnic distribution

A

Whites north of 8 mile
Blacks south of 8 mile (housing discrimination)
POLARISED city

89
Q

What caused 25,000 workers to go on strike in 1943?

A

Packard Motor Car Company promoting 3 black employees

90
Q

Average yearly earnings in the suburbs?
Who lives there?

A

$200,000
Whites and rich (normally third generation) blacks

91
Q

Average yearly earnings in the city?
Who lives there?

A

$7,000-$49,000
Blacks and poor whites

92
Q

Which road is constantly blocked so the white residents can separate themselves from the blacks? (Racial and economic divide)

A

Alter Road
Blocked using snow, fences, concrete walls

93
Q

What was the problem with the police force during the riots?

A

Most officers were white

94
Q

What worsened the 1967 riot?

A

Police officers are alleged to have murdered 3 black men

95
Q

Police officers are alleged to have murdered 3 black men

A

Businesses looted
Many left dead or injured
Much of the damage was never repaired

96
Q

When was Motown Music founded?
Why did Motown Music play an important part in racial integration?

A

1959
Music performed written by black and white people- everyone listened i.e. Jackson 5
Normalised black people being seen on TV

97
Q

What can we infer about Detroit from the Red Hot Chilli Pepper song ‘Detroit’?

A

‘Rolling rings of rubber’- cars
‘Decay’ of the city
‘Henry’ Ford- the city rose and fell because of the car

98
Q

What can we infer about Detroit from 8 Mile?

A

Argues class is more important than race
Evidence of drug and domestic abuse
Residents have a lack of aspiration
Lack of law- paintballs shot at police
Low skilled workers with low wages ‘can’t get by with {their} 9 to 5’

99
Q

Strengths of using 8 Mile?

A

Highlights key issues i.e. high levels of crime
Gave sense of place
Showed lack of investment

100
Q

Limitations of using 8 Mile?

A

No time scale
Exaggerated for audiences
No evidence about the rest of Detroit- bias
Only looked at youth
No data

101
Q

4 main factors impacting lived experience

A

Changing demographics
Cultural change
Economic change
Political impact

102
Q

Qualitative Sources

A

8 Mile
Red Hot Chilli Pepper- ‘Detroit’

103
Q

Quantitative Sources

A

Census data
Websites about the riots

104
Q

How is Detroit portrayed by Tripadvisor?

A

. Vibrant
. Bars and restaurants
. Fun
But also
. Dangerous
. Scary
. Depressing

105
Q

How is Detroit portrayed by Google Images?

A

. Densely packed
. Rundown
. Skyscrapers
. Some buildings are modern and well built

106
Q

How is Detroit portrayed by the Guardian?

A

. A city collapsing and gentrifying at the same time
. Drug problem
. Crime

107
Q

Average house price

A

$7500, $500 and $1

108
Q

How many people don’t pay taxes and what was the loss to the city

A

. More than half of property owners
. Loss of $131 million

109
Q

Rate of unsolved murders

A

70%

110
Q

How many street lights don’t work

A

40%

111
Q

Of the 50 states in the US Detroit has the highest….

A

Unemployment rate

112
Q

Average police response time

A

58 minutes

113
Q

How many homicides are drug related

A

70%

114
Q

How many Detroit adults have a college degree vs national average

A

18% vs 27%

115
Q

% reduction in school places

A

70%

116
Q

What did Detroit declare in 2013

A

Bankruptcy

117
Q

Philip Levine poem

A

. ‘Detroit Tomorrow’
. Conveys high crime rate and poverty as a woman has to go back to work after son’s death

118
Q

Enclave

A

A portion of territory surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally and ethnically distinct

119
Q

Eminem - Lose Yourself

A

. ‘One shot opportunity’ - hard to get out of poverty
. Poor quality of housing - living in a trailer park
. Back to the grind - back to manual labour

120
Q

8 mile film

A

. Semi-autobiographical
. Troubled home life
. Lower socio economic status
. Racial segregation

121
Q

Alter road

A

. Trees and a Christmas tree acted as a physical barrier

AQA A-Level Human Geography (58 decks)

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