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AQA A-Level Human Geography > 🌆Case Study - London > Flashcards

🌆Case Study - London Flashcards

1
Q

What is the population of London?

A

8.7 million

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2
Q

What is the population expected to be by 2050?

A

11 million

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3
Q

What area does London cover? What type of land is this?

A

1,750 km2
Lowland area as much of the city is built on the floodplains of the River Thames

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4
Q

What is the population density of London?

A

4542 people per square kilometre

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5
Q

Where does London rank globally in terms of size>

A

14th

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6
Q

What is the climate?

A

Temperate, maritime, highs of 30 degrees in summer and lows of 2 degrees in winter

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7
Q

What is the topography of London?

A

Fairly flat with the river Thames flowing through the centre

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8
Q

For every 1% increase in population, how much does GDP increase?

A

1.5%

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9
Q

How much do migrants contribute to the economy?

A

£3 billion in net tax

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10
Q

How much less likely than UK born residents are migrants to receive benefits?

A

60%

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11
Q

What does London have a reputation for being?

A

An economic powerhouse, financial hub and centre for software and multimedia development

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12
Q

How do the rich live in London?

A

With multimillion pound houses, well paid jobs with six figure bonuses, use of private schools and healthcare

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13
Q

How do the poor live in London?

A

Jobs below minimum wage, lack of leisure time due to having multiple jobs, fear of crime and gang violence

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14
Q

Which borough has the greatest imbalance between high and low earners?

A

Kensington and Chelsea

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15
Q

What is the difference in pay between residents of Kensington and Chelsea?

A

Top 1/4 earn at least £41 an hour, bottom 1/4 earn less than £12 an hour

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16
Q

What is the economic imbalance in London like?

A

16% of population in the poorest 1/10th nationally, and 17% of population in richest 1/10th nationally.

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17
Q

How much of their weekly income can poorer residents expect to spend on rent?

A

50%

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18
Q

How do schools in poorer areas compare to those in richer ones?

A

Schools in poorer parts have the lowest number of GCSE points per pupil, and exam grades are not equal across London

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19
Q

How does life expectancy compare between poorer and richer parts of the city?

A

People in richer parts often live longer. In 2011 census, the % of people reporting themselves as ‘not in good health’ lived in some of the poorest areas

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20
Q

What issues do multicultural areas face?

A

Overcrowding, low wages, dependence on social housing

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21
Q

How are ethnic minorities affected in terms of health?

A

They often lack resistance to childhood diseases, especially new migrants in overcrowded conditions

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22
Q

What social barriers affect women of ethnic minorities?

A

Language barriers and societal differences

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23
Q

How does the city perform in terms of higher education?

A

It performs well globally for the number of people in higher education, as well as for the quality of its universities.

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24
Q

How does social isolation affect people?

A

It is particularly prominent in older people, new parents and ethnic minorities

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25
Q

How does well being fare in London?

A

Feelings of happiness, life satisfaction and worthwhile are all below UK average, which feelings of anxiety are above average

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26
Q

How many languages are spoken in London?

A

More than 300

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27
Q

How many non-indigenous communities of 10,000 or more are there in London?

A

50 or more

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28
Q

How is London seen on a global scale?

A

As one of the most cosmopolitan and tolerant cities in the world

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29
Q

What is the river Thames used for?

A

Transportation of goods such as coal and timber, as well as recreation

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30
Q

How many Royal Parks does London have?

A

8

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31
Q

When was the Clean Air Act introduced?

A

1956

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32
Q

How much warmer is the centre of London compared to the surrounding rural areas?

A

Up to 10 degrees

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33
Q

How many UNESO world heritage sites does London have?

A

4

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34
Q

What is the student population of London?

A

378,000

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35
Q

What percentage of all deaths are linked to pollution?

A

5.3%

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36
Q

Which boroughs have the highest percentage of air pollution related deaths?

A

Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster - 8.3%

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37
Q

Why is London at risk from flooding?

A

It has 5 potential flood sources, tidal, fluvial, surface, sewer and groundwater due to its position

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38
Q

How to Nitrogen Dioxide levels compare to other EU cities?

A

They are above the legal limit set by the EU

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39
Q

How much of London is on a floodplain?

A

15%

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40
Q

What infrastructure lies on the floodplain?

A

49 railway stations
75 underground stations
10 hospitals

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41
Q

How is London impacted by deindustrialisation?

A

Parts are going into decline as industry moves to the outskirts of the city, building left derelict and people out of work

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42
Q

What other type of pollution is a problem in London?

A

Noise pollution from traffic, construction and busy streets

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43
Q

How does London rank in terms of sustainability?

A

9th in the world

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44
Q

What is the majority of pollution caused by?

A

Road transport and domestic or commercial heating systems

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45
Q

What progress is being made in terms of transport?

A

Single-decker buses are being made electric and fares are being reconsidered

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46
Q

How are commercial buildings in the city being changed?

A

They are being made more energy efficient by using solar shading and low energy lighting to help reduce carbon emissions and heat build up, reducing the need for air con

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47
Q

How are many buildings now generating electricity?

A

Using photo-voltaic panels to generate it without using carbon

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48
Q

What has been done for the environment in Barnes, SW London?

A

Four disused, concrete lined reservoirs have been landscaped into an area of wetland habitat, with 180,000 visitors anually

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49
Q

How multicultural is London?

A

West London in particular is a ‘myriad’ of different cultures - Pakistani, Eastern European, Jamaican etc.

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50
Q

How does ethnicity in London compare to the rest of the UK?

A

It has the lowest white ethnicity and highest proportions of Asian, and Black African, Caribbean backgrounds in the UK

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51
Q

What proportion of Londoners are from Black or minority ethnic communities?

A

Almost 1/3

52
Q

How many main waves of migration has London seen?

A

Two

53
Q

What do many people migrate to London for?

A

Education - increasing specialisation in functions requiring graduate level skills, general level of qualification higher in migrants than in native labour force

54
Q

What are Ealing, Hounslow and Southall known as?

A

Little India

55
Q

What percentage of Southall’s residents are Indian or Pakistani?

A

Over half

56
Q

When did slum conditions develop in West London?

A

1950s, when large middle class houses were split up into lodgings and Caribbean migrants moved in

57
Q

How many languages are spoken in Hounslow?

A

120

58
Q

What percentage of the population of Hounslow are from minority ethnic groups?

A

35%

59
Q

What impact did the Notting Hill Carnival have?

A

Set up in 1964, it brought about feelings of ‘cultural togetherness’

60
Q

In a 2015 poll, what did 60% of residents in Cardiff, Bristol and Glasgow believe about the government?

A

That too many of its decisions were focused on London due to the location of Parliament

61
Q

What are the words most often used to describe London?

A 
Expensive
Crowded
Cosmopolitan
Diverse
Chaotic
Impersonal
62
Q

How important is immigration as a key issue to voters?

A

Second most important after the economy

63
Q

Why is it hard to characterise London’s buildings by architectural style?

A

It’s rich history means there are a range of buildings

64
Q

What evidence is there of postmodernism in London?

A

Water Pumping Station, Isle of Dogs

65
Q

What percentage of the UK’s GDP does London make up?

A

17%

66
Q

Why is London receiving lots of foreign investment?

A

. As it has an expanding financial centre, and a growing reputation as a technological hub
. It has top rankings for multimedia and software development

67
Q

How much cargo does the Port of London handle each year?

A

. More than 48 million tonnes
. Shows it is an important exchange of goods

68
Q

How has London’s economy changed?

A

. 19th and early 20th century- manufacturing industries were dominant
. Early 20th century onwards- service industries have become dominant

69
Q

Facts about the banks and financial institutions of London

A

. Trade more US dollars than New York
. Trade more Euros than all other European cities combined

70
Q

What percentage of global transactions does the London Stock Exchange account for?

A

32%

71
Q

How many are employed in the service sector in London?
What percentage of this is in the financial sector?

A

3.2 million people
42% financial

72
Q

How many does the manufacturing and construction industry employ?

A

0.5 million

73
Q

How much does tourism contribute to London’s economy each year?

A

£36 billion

74
Q

What is the average house price in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea?

A

£2 million (can be 10 times that)

75
Q

What’s the average salary in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea?
What’s the median salary?

A

Average- £123,000
Median- £32,700
Highlights one of the widest earning gaps in the country

76
Q

Which industry are 64% of low paid jobs in?
Who takes these jobs generally?

A

Hospitality
Foreign workers who don’t mind a lower wage

77
Q

What percentage of London employees are at risk of insecure employment?
Who is particularly at risk?

A

. 10%, many of these being on zero hours contracts
. Mainly the younger workers of black ethnic minority backgrounds

78
Q

What percentage of workers are paid below the London Living Wage?
What does this mean for those workers?

A

20%
Unlikely to fund the high living costs of London- reduced standard of living- rely on the state

79
Q

What percentage of low-paid jobs are held by women?

A

55%

80
Q

Which ethnicity have the lowest paid jobs in London?

A

. White British at 34% of the low paid
. Pakistani and Bangladeshi employees only make us 6% of the low paid workforce

81
Q

How many were unemployed in 2016?

A

280,000
Lowest level since the start of the recession

82
Q

What percentage of London’s households live in the private rented sector?

A

27%

83
Q

What percentage of earnings were spent on rents in London in 2015/16?
What was this in the rest of England?

A

72%
29% for the rest of Englan

84
Q

Why is it difficult for first time buyers to buy in London?

A

Lack of affordable housing

85
Q

How many slept rough in 2016/17?

A

8,100
Shouldn’t be happening in HIC city
(Homeless are 13 times more likely to be a victim of violent crime)

86
Q

How many Royal Parks are there?
Example?

A

8
Hyde Park

87
Q

Benefits of parks in London?

A

. Reduce stress levels
. Meeting place
. Reduce air pollution
. Outside space for those without a garden

88
Q

London pupils outperform the rest of England across _______ as do pupils with __________
Why does London outperform?

A

Ethnic groups
Special educational needs
The schools have the provisions to helps all students

89
Q

What percentage of disadvantaged students from Inner London go on to attend HE institutions?

A

59%

90
Q

How many 11 year olds were obese in London in 2015/16?
The rest of England?

A

23%
20%
Poor families can only afford cheap food

91
Q

Why is the income of many poor London families under threat in the future?

A

Welfare reforms mean their benefits could be significantly reduced

92
Q

More than ___ languages are spoken in London

A

300

93
Q

Why has London got a long history of immigration?

A

It has a port

94
Q

In 2015, what percentage of London’s population were of black or ethnic minority?
What’s this meant to reach by 2038?

A

44%
50%

95
Q

How do tourists perceive London?

A

Positively- see all the iconic sites i.e. Big Ben

96
Q

How do viewers of Made in Chelsea perceive London?

A

As a city of high disposable income, where the young have leisurely lives

97
Q

How do the immigrants moving to London perceive it?

A

A place of opportunity

98
Q

How do those living below the poverty line perceive it?

A

Expensive, bias towards the wealthy
Authorities are not doing enough to help their situation

99
Q

How do TNC’s perceive London?

A

A good base for their company- highly respected with a highly skilled workforce

100
Q

When was the Clean Air Act introduced in London?

A

1956, to prevent the smog the city had experienced

101
Q

How have levels of carbon dioxide been reduced in transport?

A

Routemaster buses- hybrids
Taxi age limits
1,400 charge points installed for e cars
Low emission zones

102
Q

Which gas stills breaches EU limits?

A

Nitrogen oxide
Links to early deaths- 8.3% in Chelsea and Westminster

103
Q

What percentage of CO2 is from transport?
Diesel cars?
Gas for central heating?

A

64%
11% (carcinogenic and building erosion)
16% (cleaner than Mumbai’s coal)

104
Q

What is the latest charge being introduced for London motorists?

A

T-Charge
£10 a day in Central London on old cars

105
Q

How many motorists could be liable to pay the T-Charge each month?

A

34,000

106
Q

What is it hoped the T-Charge will reduce?

A

Nitrogen oxide levels
In reality it will only be by 2%

107
Q

Why is the T-Charge worsening economic inequality?

A

The poorer workers can’t afford a new car
Will now have to drive to the outskirts of the city and commute in

108
Q

How much warmer is the centre of London than the surrounding rural areas?
What impacts does this have?

A

10oc
Increases energy consumption and water consumption
Dangerous for vulnerable people

109
Q

Cross Rail will increase London’s rail capacity by ___%

A

10%

110
Q

How is it hoped Cross Rail will reduce fossil fuel usage?

A

People will use it over cars- less air pollution

111
Q

Boris bikes are hoped to increase cycling in London by ___% by 2025
Why is this scheme good?
Problem?

A

400%
Bikes are relatively cheap to install
Anyone can use them- tourists and residents alike
Worries about cyclist safety

112
Q

There are targets to increase green cover in London by ___% by 2030, as vegetation helps…

A

5%
Helps remove pollutants from the air

113
Q

Example of a redevelopment project?
How is it trying to reduce pollution?

A

Battersea Power Station, £9 billion
Green roofs to reduce water and air pollution

114
Q

What does London’s sewerage system collect apart from sewage?

A

Rainwater run-off from roads, roofs and pavements

115
Q

What happens to London’s sewerage system during heavy periods of rain?

A

. It discharges raw sewage directly into the Thames- killing large quantities of fish and threatens public health
. 55 million tonnes of raw sewage washed into the river in 2015

116
Q

Why do surface water sewers pollute rivers?

A

They pick up contaminants when draining the urban landscape

117
Q

What does Thames water state half of all sewer blockages are caused by?

A

Fat and cooking oil
These fat bergs result in flooding

118
Q

What impact has the Water Resources Act of 1991 had?

A

. Improved water quality in estuaries and coastal waters
. Set up water protection zones
. Convicted individuals and companies of water pollution offences

119
Q

How big will the completed Thames Tideway Tunnel be?

A

25km long and up to 65m deep

120
Q

Aims of the Thames Tideway Tunnel?

A

. Create more than 4,000 sustainable jobs
. Support the development of river transport skills through the Thames Skills Academy
. Undertake research on the aquatic ecology of the Thames
. Reduce lorry movements- less air pollution

121
Q

Which primary school has installed SuDS worth £18,000?
Why did they install a green roof?

A

Hollickwood Primary School
To increase the volume of rainwater being intercepted- reducing air pollution

122
Q

What are the results of the swales installed at Hollickwood PS?
Which company is monitoring them?

A

Improved the water quality
Filtered out the pollutants from air and water
Thames Water

123
Q

How much of London is on a flood plain?
Name some of the infrastructure at risk

A

15%
10 hospitals, 75 underground stations

124
Q

By how much are water levels in the Thames Estuary likely to rise in the next century due to thermal expansion and ice melt?

A

20-90cm

125
Q

How much of money earmarked for new flood defences in England will be spent on London?

A

£1.8 billion
50% of England’s budget

126
Q

Why are many of London’s strategies considered sustainable?

A

They involve the local community
They are constantly monitored and tweaked
Focus on education

127
Q

There are proposals to make London the first…

A

National Park City

AQA A-Level Human Geography (58 decks)

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