🌆Case Study - London Flashcards
1
Q
What is the population of London?
A
8.7 million
2
Q
What is the population expected to be by 2050?
A
11 million
3
Q
What area does London cover? What type of land is this?
A
1,750 km2
Lowland area as much of the city is built on the floodplains of the River Thames
4
Q
What is the population density of London?
A
4542 people per square kilometre
5
Q
Where does London rank globally in terms of size>
A
14th
6
Q
What is the climate?
A
Temperate, maritime, highs of 30 degrees in summer and lows of 2 degrees in winter
7
Q
What is the topography of London?
A
Fairly flat with the river Thames flowing through the centre
8
Q
For every 1% increase in population, how much does GDP increase?
A
1.5%
9
Q
How much do migrants contribute to the economy?
A
£3 billion in net tax
10
Q
How much less likely than UK born residents are migrants to receive benefits?
A
60%
11
Q
What does London have a reputation for being?
A
An economic powerhouse, financial hub and centre for software and multimedia development
12
Q
How do the rich live in London?
A
With multimillion pound houses, well paid jobs with six figure bonuses, use of private schools and healthcare
13
Q
How do the poor live in London?
A
Jobs below minimum wage, lack of leisure time due to having multiple jobs, fear of crime and gang violence
14
Q
Which borough has the greatest imbalance between high and low earners?
A
Kensington and Chelsea
15
Q
What is the difference in pay between residents of Kensington and Chelsea?
A
Top 1/4 earn at least £41 an hour, bottom 1/4 earn less than £12 an hour
16
Q
What is the economic imbalance in London like?
A
16% of population in the poorest 1/10th nationally, and 17% of population in richest 1/10th nationally.
17
Q
How much of their weekly income can poorer residents expect to spend on rent?
A
50%
18
Q
How do schools in poorer areas compare to those in richer ones?
A
Schools in poorer parts have the lowest number of GCSE points per pupil, and exam grades are not equal across London
19
Q
How does life expectancy compare between poorer and richer parts of the city?
A
People in richer parts often live longer. In 2011 census, the % of people reporting themselves as ‘not in good health’ lived in some of the poorest areas
20
Q
What issues do multicultural areas face?
A
Overcrowding, low wages, dependence on social housing
21
Q
How are ethnic minorities affected in terms of health?
A
They often lack resistance to childhood diseases, especially new migrants in overcrowded conditions
22
Q
What social barriers affect women of ethnic minorities?
A
Language barriers and societal differences
23
Q
How does the city perform in terms of higher education?
A
It performs well globally for the number of people in higher education, as well as for the quality of its universities.
24
Q
How does social isolation affect people?
A
It is particularly prominent in older people, new parents and ethnic minorities
25
How does well being fare in London?
Feelings of happiness, life satisfaction and worthwhile are all below UK average, which feelings of anxiety are above average
26
How many languages are spoken in London?
More than 300
27
How many non-indigenous communities of 10,000 or more are there in London?
50 or more
28
How is London seen on a global scale?
As one of the most cosmopolitan and tolerant cities in the world
29
What is the river Thames used for?
Transportation of goods such as coal and timber, as well as recreation
30
How many Royal Parks does London have?
8
31
When was the Clean Air Act introduced?
1956
32
How much warmer is the centre of London compared to the surrounding rural areas?
Up to 10 degrees
33
How many UNESO world heritage sites does London have?
4
34
What is the student population of London?
378,000
35
What percentage of all deaths are linked to pollution?
5.3%
36
Which boroughs have the highest percentage of air pollution related deaths?
Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster - 8.3%
37
Why is London at risk from flooding?
It has 5 potential flood sources, tidal, fluvial, surface, sewer and groundwater due to its position
38
How to Nitrogen Dioxide levels compare to other EU cities?
They are above the legal limit set by the EU
39
How much of London is on a floodplain?
15%
40
What infrastructure lies on the floodplain?
49 railway stations
75 underground stations
10 hospitals
41
How is London impacted by deindustrialisation?
Parts are going into decline as industry moves to the outskirts of the city, building left derelict and people out of work
42
What other type of pollution is a problem in London?
Noise pollution from traffic, construction and busy streets
43
How does London rank in terms of sustainability?
9th in the world
44
What is the majority of pollution caused by?
Road transport and domestic or commercial heating systems
45
What progress is being made in terms of transport?
Single-decker buses are being made electric and fares are being reconsidered
46
How are commercial buildings in the city being changed?
They are being made more energy efficient by using solar shading and low energy lighting to help reduce carbon emissions and heat build up, reducing the need for air con
47
How are many buildings now generating electricity?
Using photo-voltaic panels to generate it without using carbon
48
What has been done for the environment in Barnes, SW London?
Four disused, concrete lined reservoirs have been landscaped into an area of wetland habitat, with 180,000 visitors anually
49
How multicultural is London?
West London in particular is a 'myriad' of different cultures - Pakistani, Eastern European, Jamaican etc.
50
How does ethnicity in London compare to the rest of the UK?
It has the lowest white ethnicity and highest proportions of Asian, and Black African, Caribbean backgrounds in the UK
51
What proportion of Londoners are from Black or minority ethnic communities?
Almost 1/3
52
How many main waves of migration has London seen?
Two
53
What do many people migrate to London for?
Education - increasing specialisation in functions requiring graduate level skills, general level of qualification higher in migrants than in native labour force
54
What are Ealing, Hounslow and Southall known as?
Little India
55
What percentage of Southall's residents are Indian or Pakistani?
Over half
56
When did slum conditions develop in West London?
1950s, when large middle class houses were split up into lodgings and Caribbean migrants moved in
57
How many languages are spoken in Hounslow?
120
58
What percentage of the population of Hounslow are from minority ethnic groups?
35%
59
What impact did the Notting Hill Carnival have?
Set up in 1964, it brought about feelings of 'cultural togetherness'
60
In a 2015 poll, what did 60% of residents in Cardiff, Bristol and Glasgow believe about the government?
That too many of its decisions were focused on London due to the location of Parliament
61
What are the words most often used to describe London?
```
Expensive
Crowded
Cosmopolitan
Diverse
Chaotic
Impersonal
```
62
How important is immigration as a key issue to voters?
Second most important after the economy
63
Why is it hard to characterise London’s buildings by architectural style?
It’s rich history means there are a range of buildings
64
What evidence is there of postmodernism in London?
Water Pumping Station, Isle of Dogs
65
What percentage of the UK’s GDP does London make up?
17%
66
Why is London receiving lots of foreign investment?
. As it has an expanding financial centre, and a growing reputation as a technological hub
. It has top rankings for multimedia and software development
67
How much cargo does the Port of London handle each year?
. More than 48 million tonnes
. Shows it is an important exchange of goods
68
How has London’s economy changed?
. 19th and early 20th century- manufacturing industries were dominant
. Early 20th century onwards- service industries have become dominant
69
Facts about the banks and financial institutions of London
. Trade more US dollars than New York
. Trade more Euros than all other European cities combined
70
What percentage of global transactions does the London Stock Exchange account for?
32%
71
How many are employed in the service sector in London?
What percentage of this is in the financial sector?
3.2 million people
42% financial
72
How many does the manufacturing and construction industry employ?
0.5 million
73
How much does tourism contribute to London’s economy each year?
£36 billion
74
What is the average house price in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea?
£2 million (can be 10 times that)
75
What’s the average salary in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea?
What’s the median salary?
Average- £123,000
Median- £32,700
Highlights one of the widest earning gaps in the country
76
Which industry are 64% of low paid jobs in?
Who takes these jobs generally?
Hospitality
Foreign workers who don’t mind a lower wage
77
What percentage of London employees are at risk of insecure employment?
Who is particularly at risk?
. 10%, many of these being on zero hours contracts
. Mainly the younger workers of black ethnic minority backgrounds
78
What percentage of workers are paid below the London Living Wage?
What does this mean for those workers?
20%
Unlikely to fund the high living costs of London- reduced standard of living- rely on the state
79
What percentage of low-paid jobs are held by women?
55%
80
Which ethnicity have the lowest paid jobs in London?
. White British at 34% of the low paid
. Pakistani and Bangladeshi employees only make us 6% of the low paid workforce
81
How many were unemployed in 2016?
280,000
Lowest level since the start of the recession
82
What percentage of London’s households live in the private rented sector?
27%
83
What percentage of earnings were spent on rents in London in 2015/16?
What was this in the rest of England?
72%
29% for the rest of Englan
84
Why is it difficult for first time buyers to buy in London?
Lack of affordable housing
85
How many slept rough in 2016/17?
8,100
Shouldn’t be happening in HIC city
(Homeless are 13 times more likely to be a victim of violent crime)
86
How many Royal Parks are there?
Example?
8
Hyde Park
87
Benefits of parks in London?
. Reduce stress levels
. Meeting place
. Reduce air pollution
. Outside space for those without a garden
88
London pupils outperform the rest of England across _______ as do pupils with __________
Why does London outperform?
Ethnic groups
Special educational needs
The schools have the provisions to helps all students
89
What percentage of disadvantaged students from Inner London go on to attend HE institutions?
59%
90
How many 11 year olds were obese in London in 2015/16?
The rest of England?
23%
20%
Poor families can only afford cheap food
91
Why is the income of many poor London families under threat in the future?
Welfare reforms mean their benefits could be significantly reduced
92
More than ___ languages are spoken in London
300
93
Why has London got a long history of immigration?
It has a port
94
In 2015, what percentage of London’s population were of black or ethnic minority?
What’s this meant to reach by 2038?
44%
50%
95
How do tourists perceive London?
Positively- see all the iconic sites i.e. Big Ben
96
How do viewers of Made in Chelsea perceive London?
As a city of high disposable income, where the young have leisurely lives
97
How do the immigrants moving to London perceive it?
A place of opportunity
98
How do those living below the poverty line perceive it?
Expensive, bias towards the wealthy
Authorities are not doing enough to help their situation
99
How do TNC’s perceive London?
A good base for their company- highly respected with a highly skilled workforce
100
When was the Clean Air Act introduced in London?
1956, to prevent the smog the city had experienced
101
How have levels of carbon dioxide been reduced in transport?
Routemaster buses- hybrids
Taxi age limits
1,400 charge points installed for e cars
Low emission zones
102
Which gas stills breaches EU limits?
Nitrogen oxide
Links to early deaths- 8.3% in Chelsea and Westminster
103
What percentage of CO2 is from transport?
Diesel cars?
Gas for central heating?
64%
11% (carcinogenic and building erosion)
16% (cleaner than Mumbai’s coal)
104
What is the latest charge being introduced for London motorists?
T-Charge
£10 a day in Central London on old cars
105
How many motorists could be liable to pay the T-Charge each month?
34,000
106
What is it hoped the T-Charge will reduce?
Nitrogen oxide levels
In reality it will only be by 2%
107
Why is the T-Charge worsening economic inequality?
The poorer workers can’t afford a new car
Will now have to drive to the outskirts of the city and commute in
108
How much warmer is the centre of London than the surrounding rural areas?
What impacts does this have?
10oc
Increases energy consumption and water consumption
Dangerous for vulnerable people
109
Cross Rail will increase London’s rail capacity by ___%
10%
110
How is it hoped Cross Rail will reduce fossil fuel usage?
People will use it over cars- less air pollution
111
Boris bikes are hoped to increase cycling in London by ___% by 2025
Why is this scheme good?
Problem?
400%
Bikes are relatively cheap to install
Anyone can use them- tourists and residents alike
Worries about cyclist safety
112
There are targets to increase green cover in London by ___% by 2030, as vegetation helps…
5%
Helps remove pollutants from the air
113
Example of a redevelopment project?
How is it trying to reduce pollution?
Battersea Power Station, £9 billion
Green roofs to reduce water and air pollution
114
What does London’s sewerage system collect apart from sewage?
Rainwater run-off from roads, roofs and pavements
115
What happens to London’s sewerage system during heavy periods of rain?
. It discharges raw sewage directly into the Thames- killing large quantities of fish and threatens public health
. 55 million tonnes of raw sewage washed into the river in 2015
116
Why do surface water sewers pollute rivers?
They pick up contaminants when draining the urban landscape
117
What does Thames water state half of all sewer blockages are caused by?
Fat and cooking oil
These fat bergs result in flooding
118
What impact has the Water Resources Act of 1991 had?
. Improved water quality in estuaries and coastal waters
. Set up water protection zones
. Convicted individuals and companies of water pollution offences
119
How big will the completed Thames Tideway Tunnel be?
25km long and up to 65m deep
120
Aims of the Thames Tideway Tunnel?
. Create more than 4,000 sustainable jobs
. Support the development of river transport skills through the Thames Skills Academy
. Undertake research on the aquatic ecology of the Thames
. Reduce lorry movements- less air pollution
121
Which primary school has installed SuDS worth £18,000?
Why did they install a green roof?
Hollickwood Primary School
To increase the volume of rainwater being intercepted- reducing air pollution
122
What are the results of the swales installed at Hollickwood PS?
Which company is monitoring them?
Improved the water quality
Filtered out the pollutants from air and water
Thames Water
123
How much of London is on a flood plain?
Name some of the infrastructure at risk
15%
10 hospitals, 75 underground stations
124
By how much are water levels in the Thames Estuary likely to rise in the next century due to thermal expansion and ice melt?
20-90cm
125
How much of money earmarked for new flood defences in England will be spent on London?
£1.8 billion
50% of England’s budget
126
Why are many of London’s strategies considered sustainable?
They involve the local community
They are constantly monitored and tweaked
Focus on education
127
There are proposals to make London the first…
National Park City
