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AQA A-Level Human Geography > 🌆3.2.3.1 - Urbanisation > Flashcards

🌆3.2.3.1 - Urbanisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

An increase in the proportion of a country’s population living in an urban area

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2
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

The decentralisation of people, employment and services towards the edges of an urban area

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3
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

Population movement from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas

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4
Q

What is urban resurgence?

A

Population movement away from rural areas and back to urban ones

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5
Q

What is urban growth?

A

Increase in the total population of a town or city

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6
Q

What is urban expansion?

A

Increase in physical size/footprint of a town or city

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7
Q

Why are urban areas important?

A

Organisation of economic production
Exchange of ideas/creative thinking
Social and cultural centres
Centres of political power and decision making

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8
Q

What is urbanism?

A

The idea that there is a certain way of living and functioning in urban areas, a lifestyle

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9
Q

Where is most urbanisation taking place?

A

Asia and Africa

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10
Q

Why can data on urbanisation be unreliable?

A

All countries define it differently

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11
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million

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12
Q

What is a metacity?

A

A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 20 million

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13
Q

How much of the world’s population lived in urban areas in 2014?

A

54%

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14
Q

What are world cities?

A

Cities seen to have an impact and important role in the global economic system and that link with other cities

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15
Q

What are the features of world cities?

A

Highly interconnected, usually MEDCs due to stable financial influence

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16
Q

What is an Alpha ++ city?

A

Cities most integrated within the economy

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17
Q

What is an Alpha + city?

A

Advanced service niches for the global economy

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18
Q

What is a Beta city?

A

Cities that link moderate economic regions into the world economy.

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19
Q

What is urban growth caused by?

A

Population growth and rural to urban migration

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20
Q

What are the consequences of urban growth?

A 
Urban sprawl
More infrastructure required
Loss of wildlife and habitat
Commuting, congestion and pollution
Increased fuel consumption
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21
Q

What are push factors for rural to urban migration?

A

Agricultural problems such as low rainfall, divisions of land
High levels of local disease and inadequate medical provisions
Wars and civil strife
Natural disasters

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22
Q

What are pull factors for rural to urban migration?

A

Employment in factories and service industry, better paid than in rural areas
High demand for unskilled labour
Informal sector jobs, goods and transport etc
Better quality provisions such as education, healthcare

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23
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, movement out of the city

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24
Q

What are factors affecting deindustrialisation?

A

Mechanisation - no longer need people
Competition from imports - cheap products from China
Reduced demand for traditional products such as steel

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of suburbanisation?

A

Arterial roads and railway lines
Ribbon developments
Private housing estates

26
Q

What are the causes of suburbanisation?

A

Outward growth of urban developments which engulfs surrounding areas
Improved transport, commuting
Inner cities become less desirable

27
Q

What are the effects of suburbanisation?

A

More car use, better public transport
Greenbelts created to control developments
Urban sprawl, less environment
Funding moved out of inner city

28
Q

What are the characteristics of Counter-urbanisation?

A

Movement of people from major urban areas to smaller, rural settlements

29
Q

What are the causes of counter urbanisation?

A

Cheaper rural house prices, want to escape bust, polluted crime hotspots. Increased car ownership

30
Q

What are the effects of counter urbanisation?

A

Modern housing estates built in rural areas and old properties refurbished
Tension due to developments
Services shut down such as schools, pubs, post offices etc
Increased local house prices

31
Q

What are the characteristics of urban resurgence?

A

Economic and structural regeneration of an urban area which had previously suffered decline

32
Q

What are the causes of urban resurgence?

A

De-industrialisation caused decline

Large events such as Olympics and sports events

33
Q

What are the effects of urban resurgence?

A

Historic buildings from industry converted into housing
Urban redevelopment schemes
City living becomes more attractive
Pressure n services and infrastructure

34
Q

What are the causes of growth of the service economy?

A

Population growth, people searching for jobs
Financial services needed to support manufacturing industry
As we become technologically sophisticated, more people are required to service technologies

35
Q

What are issues with growth of the service sector?

A

Many of the men who lost jobs to deindustrialisation continue to be unemployed
Many service jobs created are only pert time or temporary
The number of service jobs created has not always made up for the loss of jobs through manufacturing

36
Q

Where did deindustrialisation and decentralisation affect the UK in the 1970s?

A

Sheffield, Yorkshire

37
Q

Where is St Ives?

A

Cambridgeshire

38
Q

What happened in St Ives?

A

Counter-urbanisation

39
Q

How much did the population of St Ives grow between the 1960s and 2010s?

A

From 3800 to 16,400

40
Q

How much of the population of St Ives commute to London every day?

A

1/4

41
Q

How much have house prices grown by since 2000 in St Ives?

A

From £130,000 to £291,000

42
Q

How is St Ives managed?

A

Future developments controlled so that they fit in
Plans to expand primary schools
Flood protection along river
Busway built between St Ives and Cambridge to reduce congestion

43
Q

Rural to Urban Migration

A

People moving to the cities from rural areas because of pull and push factors

44
Q

Purpose of Urban Development Corporations

A

. Many UK cities were in catastrophic decline
. Projects used private sector funding to restore derelict areas

45
Q

When were Urban Development Corporations used?

A

1979-1990’s

46
Q

Main advantage and disadvantage of Urban Development Corporations

A

. Helped restore most run down areas
. Ignored the needs of local residents

47
Q

Purpose of City Challenge

A

Local authorities competed for government funding to help deprived areas

48
Q

When was City Challenge used?

A

1991-1997

49
Q

Main advantage and disadvantage of City Challenge?

A

. Made local community and private companies work together
. Many deprived areas didn’t receive any funding

50
Q

Purpose of Area-Based Initiatives

A

. Implemented by labour government
. Expanded on previous schemes
. Focus on sustainability within communities
. Aimed to narrow gap between the most deprived and the rest of the country

51
Q

When were Area-Based Initiatives used?

A

1997-2000’s

52
Q

What targets were local authorities set with Area Based Initiatives?

A

. Improve health
. Improve education
. Improve employment

53
Q

Why is community involvement in redevelopment vital?

A

. Meet their needs
. Sustainable
. Spirit
. Jobs

54
Q

Burgess model structure

A
  1. CBD
  2. Zone of transition
  3. Residential (lower class)
  4. Residential (middle class)
  5. Residential (upper class)
55
Q

What is the Burgess model based on?

A

Chicago where lots of imigrants came + based on ethnic segregation

56
Q

Hoyt model

A

Based on the circles on the Burgess model, but adds sectors of similar land uses concentrated in parts of the city

57
Q

Mann model

A

. Combined Burgess and Hoyt
. Prevailing wind from the South West leads to high class housing locating in the south west as the wind blows pollution from the city to the North East
. Heavy industry found along the main lines of communication

58
Q
A

Mann model

59
Q
A

Hoyt model

60
Q
A

Burgess model

AQA A-Level Human Geography (58 decks)

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