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AQA A-Level Human Geography > 🌆3.2.3.7 - Other Contemporary Urban Environmental Issues > Flashcards

🌆3.2.3.7 - Other Contemporary Urban Environmental Issues Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the causes of water pollution?

A 
Domestic waste
Effluent from industries
Leachates from landfill and dumping
Rainwater
Point sources (eg factories)
Diffuse (non point) sources
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2
Q

What can be found in the River Mithi, Mumbai?

A

Untreated sewage, chemicals and disease causing microbes

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3
Q

What activities frequently take place on the banks of the River Mithi?

A

Illegal dumping of raw sewage
Industrial waste discharge
Washing vessels, animals and oily drums
Unauthorised discharge of hazardous waste eg zinc, lead

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4
Q

How has the River Mithi’s characteristics been affected by the pollution?

A

Its carrying capacity has been reduced and the pollution is a threat to marine life as well as water quality

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5
Q

What are the social impacts of water pollution?

A

Unpleasant

Disease

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6
Q

What are the economic impacts of water pollution?

A

Cost of treating the water

Knock on effects of trading eg fishing

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7
Q

What are the environmental impacts of water pollution?

A

Reduced capacity
Threat to marine life
Animals drinking from river in danger

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8
Q

What are the sources of water pollution in London?

A 
Pollution form houses and agriculture
Misconnections and wrong plumbing
Appliances and dishwashers
Soaps and chemicals
Rain washing dirt from roads and car parks etc
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9
Q

What are the main causes of air pollution in Mumbai?

A

Industries in eastern suburbs and New Bombay
Rubbish incineration but the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
Insufficient control over emissions from vehicles

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10
Q

What happened in Mumbai in 2010?

A

A chlorine gas leak from the Sewri industrial led to 76 people being treated in hospital

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11
Q

How large is the Municipal garbage dump?

A

100 hectares, with nightly burning of rubbish occurring

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12
Q

What are the particulate matter readings in Mumbai?

A

2000 microgrammes per cubic metre, safe limit 150

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13
Q

What are the social impacts of air pollution?

A

Cancer causing particulate matter

Bronchitis and asthma common

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14
Q

What are the economic impacts of air pollution?

A

Ill people not attending work

Gas leaks putting people in hospital gives company a bad name and compensation had to be paid

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15
Q

What are the environmental impacts of air pollution?

A

High carbon monoxide levels

Particulate matter significantly higher than safe limit

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16
Q

When was the Mumbai monorail opened?

A

2012

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17
Q

What was the aim of the monorail?

A

To reduce car usage in the city and lower emissions from exhausts, encourage public transport

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18
Q

How were people encouraged to use bikes as opposed to cars?

A

By taking part in the cyclothon in 2010, with over 7000 participants

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19
Q

How is industrial pollution being lowered in Mumbai?

A

Chimneys must be above a certain height so that particulates dispersed more easily by wind and must have filters to take out poisonous gases

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20
Q

How are industrial effluents being clamped down on in Mumbai?

A

The authorities began to close all unauthorised activities which discharge effluents into the river

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21
Q

How was rubbish collection changed?

A

A proper system was set up to prevent citizens dumping rubbish into the river

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22
Q

What were people employed to do?

A

Those without jobs were employed to keep the river clean

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23
Q

What will be installed on the banks of the River Mithi?

A

Sewers, and sewage treatment plants

24
Q

What is going to be done to the river bed?

A

It will be dredged to improve its carrying capacity

25
What is the T-charge?
A £10 charge paid by motorists driving into central London between 7am and 6pm
26
Which drivers have to pay the charges?
Those with the most polluting vehicles
27
How much money has been put in place to improve air quality in London by DEFRA?
£3 billion
28
What provisions have been put in place to improve London's water quality?
Definitions of controlled waters Water Protection zones and Nitrate Sensitive Areas Offences of Polluting Controlled Waters Discharge consents
29
What strategies has London put in place to improve water quality?
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems
30
What is dereliction?
Buildings that have become dilapidated after being abandoned in urban areas, often caused by industrial decline
31
What are the impacts of dereliction?
Loss of tourism Becomes an eyesore in the town Can become home to squatters or animals More difficult to regenerate the area
32
What is a brownfield site?
A piece of land which already has some construction and may well now be derelict
33
What is an example of a transformed derelict area?
The Olympic Park, East London
34
Water Pollution
. Pollutants directly or indirectly discharged into water . Indirectly includes seeping into soils- infiltrates into groundwater
35
Causes of Water Pollution
. Air pollution- acid rain . Domestic waste . Surface runoff from draining urban landscape
36
Impacts of Water Pollution
. Damages aquatic ecosystems . Loss of fish = destruction of livelihoods . Disease i.e. cholera
37
Solutions to Water Pollution
. Improve waste water and sewage processing . Educate . Legislation, regulation, enforcement- industry fined per unit, and acceptable level is reduced each year (Litter still pollutes water) . SUDS
38
What percentage of pollution does filtering water through vegetation remove?
90%
39
Why is there greater water pollution in LIC’s?
Little regulation Inadequate provision of treatment facilities
40
Causes of Urban Dereliction
. Industrial decline- lack of opportunity = less investment . Economic crises- no money to pay for building upkeep
41
Impacts of Urban Dereliction
. Properties become worn down- encourages more dereliction . Risk to human health- contamination i.e. old chemical factories . Outmigration . House prices fall . Increase in crime and vandalism . Decrease in trade for local businesses
42
Why do businesses in derelict areas see decreased trade?
. Loss of tourism . Residents have little disposable income, don’t spend locally
43
Solutions to Urban Dereliction
. Councils have power to knock down derelict buildings- don’t as expensive . Regeneration- London Docklands . Focus on brownfield redevelopment- Battersea Power Station . Create green spaces . Land remediation- pollutants and contamination removed- redevelopment can occur
44
Causes of Atmospheric Pollution
Release of particles and noxious gases Many from burning of fossil fuel
45
How does climate impact on atmospheric pollution?
. Wet + windy = pollution blown away . Still + hot = pollution builds to harmful levels
46
Impacts of Atmospheric Pollution
. Human health- cancer, strokes, respiratory illness . Global warming . Diesel- carcinogenic particulates- erode buildings . Sulphur dioxide = acid rain = increased weathering
47
Solutions to Atmospheric Pollution
. Clean Air Acts . Urban Greening . Transport Solutions . Industrial Zoning . Energy Efficient Homes
48
Why is Atmospheric Pollution generally worse in the developing world?
. Heavily reliant on fossil fuels . Lack of legislation (Developed world increasingly uses renewable technologies that are less polluting i.e. e cars and tidal power)
49
Mumbai river
River Mithi
50
Who cleans the River Mithi in Mumbai?
Unemployed
51
What is the biggest problem environmentally in Mumbai?
Traffic
52
How many cars are in Mumbai
18 million
53
What was built to reduce car driving?
Monorail to hold 500 passengers
54
What was done in Mumbai to reduce the UHI effect?
Green Roof Scheme to encourage planting on roof
55
What was Vision 40
Reduce floodrisk and manage rainwater to improve water quality
56
Causes water pollution in Mumbai
. Illegally dumped raw sewage . Industrial waste . Oil drums . Animals . Surface run off - picks up dirt
57
Causes of air pollution in Mumbai
. Emissions . Incineration . Industry

AQA A-Level Human Geography (58 decks)

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