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AQA A-Level Human Geography > 🌆3.2.3.7 - Other Contemporary Urban Environmental Issues > Flashcards

🌆3.2.3.7 - Other Contemporary Urban Environmental Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some of the causes of water pollution?

A 
Domestic waste
Effluent from industries
Leachates from landfill and dumping
Rainwater
Point sources (eg factories)
Diffuse (non point) sources
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2
Q

What can be found in the River Mithi, Mumbai?

A

Untreated sewage, chemicals and disease causing microbes

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3
Q

What activities frequently take place on the banks of the River Mithi?

A

Illegal dumping of raw sewage
Industrial waste discharge
Washing vessels, animals and oily drums
Unauthorised discharge of hazardous waste eg zinc, lead

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4
Q

How has the River Mithi’s characteristics been affected by the pollution?

A

Its carrying capacity has been reduced and the pollution is a threat to marine life as well as water quality

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5
Q

What are the social impacts of water pollution?

A

Unpleasant

Disease

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6
Q

What are the economic impacts of water pollution?

A

Cost of treating the water

Knock on effects of trading eg fishing

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7
Q

What are the environmental impacts of water pollution?

A

Reduced capacity
Threat to marine life
Animals drinking from river in danger

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8
Q

What are the sources of water pollution in London?

A 
Pollution form houses and agriculture
Misconnections and wrong plumbing
Appliances and dishwashers
Soaps and chemicals
Rain washing dirt from roads and car parks etc
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9
Q

What are the main causes of air pollution in Mumbai?

A

Industries in eastern suburbs and New Bombay
Rubbish incineration but the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
Insufficient control over emissions from vehicles

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10
Q

What happened in Mumbai in 2010?

A

A chlorine gas leak from the Sewri industrial led to 76 people being treated in hospital

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11
Q

How large is the Municipal garbage dump?

A

100 hectares, with nightly burning of rubbish occurring

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12
Q

What are the particulate matter readings in Mumbai?

A

2000 microgrammes per cubic metre, safe limit 150

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13
Q

What are the social impacts of air pollution?

A

Cancer causing particulate matter

Bronchitis and asthma common

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14
Q

What are the economic impacts of air pollution?

A

Ill people not attending work

Gas leaks putting people in hospital gives company a bad name and compensation had to be paid

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15
Q

What are the environmental impacts of air pollution?

A

High carbon monoxide levels

Particulate matter significantly higher than safe limit

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16
Q

When was the Mumbai monorail opened?

A

2012

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17
Q

What was the aim of the monorail?

A

To reduce car usage in the city and lower emissions from exhausts, encourage public transport

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18
Q

How were people encouraged to use bikes as opposed to cars?

A

By taking part in the cyclothon in 2010, with over 7000 participants

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19
Q

How is industrial pollution being lowered in Mumbai?

A

Chimneys must be above a certain height so that particulates dispersed more easily by wind and must have filters to take out poisonous gases

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20
Q

How are industrial effluents being clamped down on in Mumbai?

A

The authorities began to close all unauthorised activities which discharge effluents into the river

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21
Q

How was rubbish collection changed?

A

A proper system was set up to prevent citizens dumping rubbish into the river

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22
Q

What were people employed to do?

A

Those without jobs were employed to keep the river clean

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23
Q

What will be installed on the banks of the River Mithi?

A

Sewers, and sewage treatment plants

24
Q

What is going to be done to the river bed?

A

It will be dredged to improve its carrying capacity

25
Q

What is the T-charge?

A

A £10 charge paid by motorists driving into central London between 7am and 6pm

26
Q

Which drivers have to pay the charges?

A

Those with the most polluting vehicles

27
Q

How much money has been put in place to improve air quality in London by DEFRA?

A

£3 billion

28
Q

What provisions have been put in place to improve London’s water quality?

A

Definitions of controlled waters
Water Protection zones and Nitrate Sensitive Areas
Offences of Polluting Controlled Waters
Discharge consents

29
Q

What strategies has London put in place to improve water quality?

A

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

30
Q

What is dereliction?

A

Buildings that have become dilapidated after being abandoned in urban areas, often caused by industrial decline

31
Q

What are the impacts of dereliction?

A

Loss of tourism
Becomes an eyesore in the town
Can become home to squatters or animals
More difficult to regenerate the area

32
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

A piece of land which already has some construction and may well now be derelict

33
Q

What is an example of a transformed derelict area?

A

The Olympic Park, East London

34
Q

Water Pollution

A

. Pollutants directly or indirectly discharged into water
. Indirectly includes seeping into soils- infiltrates into groundwater

35
Q

Causes of Water Pollution

A

. Air pollution- acid rain
. Domestic waste
. Surface runoff from draining urban landscape

36
Q

Impacts of Water Pollution

A

. Damages aquatic ecosystems
. Loss of fish = destruction of livelihoods
. Disease i.e. cholera

37
Q

Solutions to Water Pollution

A

. Improve waste water and sewage processing
. Educate
. Legislation, regulation, enforcement- industry fined per unit, and acceptable level is reduced each year
(Litter still pollutes water)
. SUDS

38
Q

What percentage of pollution does filtering water through vegetation remove?

A

90%

39
Q

Why is there greater water pollution in LIC’s?

A

Little regulation
Inadequate provision of treatment facilities

40
Q

Causes of Urban Dereliction

A

. Industrial decline- lack of opportunity = less investment
. Economic crises- no money to pay for building upkeep

41
Q

Impacts of Urban Dereliction

A

. Properties become worn down- encourages more dereliction
. Risk to human health- contamination i.e. old chemical factories
. Outmigration
. House prices fall
. Increase in crime and vandalism
. Decrease in trade for local businesses

42
Q

Why do businesses in derelict areas see decreased trade?

A

. Loss of tourism
. Residents have little disposable income, don’t spend locally

43
Q

Solutions to Urban Dereliction

A

. Councils have power to knock down derelict buildings- don’t as expensive
. Regeneration- London Docklands
. Focus on brownfield redevelopment- Battersea Power Station
. Create green spaces
. Land remediation- pollutants and contamination removed- redevelopment can occur

44
Q

Causes of Atmospheric Pollution

A

Release of particles and noxious gases
Many from burning of fossil fuel

45
Q

How does climate impact on atmospheric pollution?

A

. Wet + windy = pollution blown away
. Still + hot = pollution builds to harmful levels

46
Q

Impacts of Atmospheric Pollution

A

. Human health- cancer, strokes, respiratory illness
. Global warming
. Diesel- carcinogenic particulates- erode buildings
. Sulphur dioxide = acid rain = increased weathering

47
Q

Solutions to Atmospheric Pollution

A

. Clean Air Acts
. Urban Greening
. Transport Solutions
. Industrial Zoning
. Energy Efficient Homes

48
Q

Why is Atmospheric Pollution generally worse in the developing world?

A

. Heavily reliant on fossil fuels
. Lack of legislation
(Developed world increasingly uses renewable technologies that are less polluting i.e. e cars and tidal power)

49
Q

Mumbai river

A

River Mithi

50
Q

Who cleans the River Mithi in Mumbai?

A

Unemployed

51
Q

What is the biggest problem environmentally in Mumbai?

A

Traffic

52
Q

How many cars are in Mumbai

A

18 million

53
Q

What was built to reduce car driving?

A

Monorail to hold 500 passengers

54
Q

What was done in Mumbai to reduce the UHI effect?

A

Green Roof Scheme to encourage planting on roof

55
Q

What was Vision 40

A

Reduce floodrisk and manage rainwater to improve water quality

56
Q

Causes water pollution in Mumbai

A

. Illegally dumped raw sewage
. Industrial waste
. Oil drums
. Animals
. Surface run off - picks up dirt

57
Q

Causes of air pollution in Mumbai

A

. Emissions
. Incineration
. Industry

AQA A-Level Human Geography (58 decks)

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