🌆🖼️Case Study - Mumbai Flashcards
What is the population density of Mumbai?
30,900 per square km2
How large is Mumbai compared to other cities in India and in the world?
It is the largest city in India and the 4th largest in the world.
How much of India’s GDP is generated by Mumbai
5%
How much of India’s tax revenue does Mumbai generate?
1/3
What are the main industries in Mumbai?
Basic metals and engineering industries as well as chemicals and pharmaceuticals
What percentage of the population are working?
33%
What percentage of homes have a commercial establishment?
9%, including vegetable shops to illicit liquor stores
What is the average monthly income of households?
Rs2978 (£33)
What percentage of households are below the poverty line?
40%
What jobs do women typically do?
Maids in the local area, or working in the building industry
How do working conditions compare for women and men?
They are paid lower wages than men for the same jobs and denied access to training to qualify them for higher paid semi skilled jobs.
Why do poorer people often have low pay and unreliable income?
Due to irregular or casual employment
Why have employment opportunities been decreasing?
Due to closure of textile mills and lack of new industries
How did employment in manufacturing change between 1961 and 2001?
It fell from 41% to 20%
What has industry in Mumbai changed to?
Modern industrial infrastructure and vast skilled human resources
What percentage of Mumbai’s inhabitants live in slum dwellings?
60%
Which health conditions often affect slum areas in the city?
Malaria, dysentery, jaundice, cholera and typhoid
How many people live in Dharavi?
More than 1 million
What percentage of squatting is on private land?
50%
What percentage of slum huts are made of permanent material?
12%
What is the average size of a slum hut?
12.5m2
How many slum households have access to piped water?
1 in 6
How is Mumabi affected by sea level rise?
The Arabian sea is flooding areas of the city, forcing land reclamation
What supplies the city with water?
Three rivers and six large lakes
What is the average rainfall for July?
600mm, Monsoon season
What is the name of the city’s landfill?
Deonar
Where is the Deonar landfill located?
On the Eastern side of the island
How large is the landfill?
132 hectares
How much waste does the landfill receive every day?
6000+ tonnes
What is Mumbai’s coastline covered by?
Mangroves and beaches
What are the Northern Suburbs affected by?
The burning of rubbish in the municipal garbage dump
What area does the municipal garbage dump cover?
100ha
What is the level of particulate matter in the Northern Suburbs?
10 times the WHO’s upper limit
What percentage of the population live in high pollution zones?
97%
What happened to the landfill in 2016?
It caught fire, releasing large quantities of poisonous gases and particulates into the air
What is dumped into water ways?
Untreated sewerage and industrial waste
What percentage of sewerage is discharged into local waterways and coastal waters?
75%
What has happened to Lake Powai?
It has slowly been polluted and left in disregard, with around 50% of its surface covered with water hyacinths - which grow in areas with high pollution
What is the official language of Mumbai?
Marathi
What percentage of migration comes from within the state?
68%
What are the main reasons for migration?
Marriage, studying, employment and movement of family
How can Mumbai be seen?
As a city dominated by slums and poorer areas, rather than a megacity with prosperous financial district and technological manufacturing areas
What percentage of households have experienced theft?
12.36%
What percentage of households have experienced criminal intimidation?
0.51%
What did the British Empire ship from Mumbai to England for manufacturing?
Raw cotton
When did Mumbai begin to develop rapidly?
Following India’s independence from the British in 1947
How much of India’s foreign trade did Mumbai account for in 2015?
40%
Mumbai’s population of ______ makes it India’s largest city
20 million
What’s the population set to rise to by 2020?
. 24 million
. Giving it the highest population density of any city- strain on infrastructure
Which national park is located in Mumbai? What regularly happens as a result?
. Sanjay Gandhi National Park
. Animals escape into the city- leopard attacks are frequent
What is the climate like?
. Monsoon climate
. Extreme variation in rainfall throughout the year
. Average min temp: 23.5 in January
. Average max temp: 29.5 July
What 3 industries is Mumbai considered the centre of in India?
. Financial
. Entertainment (i.e. Bollywood)
. Fashion
What percentage of India’s exports leave through Mumbai’s port?
More than 50%
Example of a TNC founded and based in Mumbai?
Tata Group
Why do TNC’s often locate in Mumbai?
Workers are educated and skilled, but are paid less than in HIC’s
There are a huge number of workers in the ____ sector
Informal
Where are the wealthy parts of Mumbai?
. South (banking and financial centre) i.e. Nairman Point and Chowpatty Beach
. North, around Bollywood
Where is there extreme poverty?
Slums of Dharavi
What type of housing is in the wealthy parts?
. High quality apartments (due to land pressure)
. Air conditioning and pools
Why is it argued that government policies are depriving the poor of their fundamental rights?
Schemes are aimed at wealthy city workers i.e. Railway investment only benefits the wealthy and middle class
Mumbai’s population has nearly doubled since ____
1991
Why has Mumbai’s population increased so much?
Due to an influx of migrants from other parts of India seeking employment opportunity
What percentage of the population lives in slums?
60%
How many languages does Mumbai’s population speak?
16 major languages
Why has Mumbai produced many English speaking IT and engineering graduates?
What has this led to?
. The government has invested in university education
. Many English companies have invested- increasing wealth
What’s the total literacy rate of Mumbai?
85.6%
What is the difference between the literacy rate for males and females?
What does this highlight?
7.3%
Highlighting the gender divide, the gap is slowly closing as women are being empowered
What type of business boomed in the early 2000’s in Mumbai?
Call centres
What was Dharavi up until the late 19th Century? How was it filled in?
. A mangrove swamp
. Filled in using coconut leaves, rotten leaves and human waste
How much do the thousands of micro-industries in Dharavi earn annually?
Examples of the industries present?
$650 million
Garment makers, tanners and potters
Some residents of Dharavi have turned to the unregulated and unsafe businesses of ________
Rag picking and scouring rubbish heaps to earn a living
Years of government neglect in Dharavi have resulted in _____
. Inadequate hygiene standards- each toilet is shared by over 1,000 residents
. Poor housing quality
. Lack of basic infrastructure
What will the government led Dharavi Redevelopment Project give residents who have lived in the slum since 2000?
A 300 square foot house for free
How many doctors are there for every 100,000 people?
54 doctors
How many people is Mumbai’s existing health care system designed to treat?
Up to 7 million people
Why do many go without medical help?
They can’t afford it, and there are long delays for the free (or significantly discounted healthcare on offer for the poor)
What does some of the pollution data suggest about Mumbai?
It is among the most polluted cities in the world
What percentage of air pollution is caused by waste burning? Why is this bad for the population?
27.5%
. Results in toxic chemicals being released- dangerous for residents and causes respiratory illness
. High particulate levels can increase the risk of cancer
What percentage of air pollution is caused by transport?
Why do cars emit such high levels of pollution?
22.7%
There is insufficient control over vehicle emission levels
What percentage of air pollution is generated through domestic cooking and heating? Why is this?
11.3%
Many families are reliant on coal fires
What percentage of air pollution is from diesel generators?
14.6%
Companies based in Mumbai are causing lots of air pollution because they are taking advantage of _____
Relaxed planning laws
Which rubbish incineration plant causes most of the industrial air pollution?
How many times over the safe air pollution is this during its nightly burning?
. Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
. 13 times greater than the safe limit
How many vehicles are driven daily on Mumbai’s roads?
Why are a lot of cars in poor condition?
4 million
Many are second hand, and there are no MOTs to check their condition
How have car owners been encouraged to reduce air pollution?
Buy hybrid cars
Taxes have been increased for car owners
Give an example of public transport improvement
. Mumbai’s first monorail opened in 2012
. Each of the 4 coaches has the capacity for 500
. Aims to ease congestion and traffic pollution in central Mumbai
. Rubber tyres also reduce noise pollution
What was the slogan used at Mumbai’s first cyclothon in 2010?
How many attended?
What are the concerns with cycling in Mumbai?
‘Burn fat, not fuel’
Over 7,000 participants
Concerns over cyclist safety as there are a lack of road regulations
What industrial legislation has been introduced to reduce air pollution?
Chimneys have to be over a certain height, so smoke particles are dispersed more easily by the wind
Chimneys need filters to remove poisonous particulates
What are the benefits of the green roof scheme?
. They filter pollutants out of the air and run off water- reduces respiratory illness
. Reduce the heat island effect
. Help cool houses = less air conditioning = less electricity needed
Where was the gas leak in 2010 causing 76 to be emitted to hospital?
Sewri Industrial Park
How many of India’s rivers were found to be polluted in 2010?
Why was this?
50%
Sewage flows in open drains, having serious impacts on groundwater quality and human health
What strategies were implemented in 2010 to clear up the River Mithi?
. Unemployed people hired to clean up the river
. Authorities set up a proper rubbish collection system
. Authorities began to close all unauthorised waste dumping
What longer term strategies are being implemented on the River Mithi to reduce water pollution?
. Sewers are being installed on both banks of the river, with sewage treatment plants constructed at various locations
. Dredge the entire length of the river to improve its carrying capacity
. Provide public toilets at regular intervals so less human waste enters the river
Why is there a large amount of dereliction in Mumbai?
. Due to the inequality
. Little is being done to tackle the dereliction
Why do the urban poor live in derelict buildings?
As they provide shelter in bad weather
When are the monsoon rains in Mumbai?
Why do they have such a big impact on the city?
. Between June and September
. The city is built on low lying land
When did Mumbai receive 944mm of rainfall (the average amount for the entire season)?
What worsened the flooding this caused?
26th July 2005
There were high tides
What were the impacts of the 2005 floods?
. Over 400 people died
. Over 10,000 homes were destroyed
. City suffered losses of £1.2 billion
. Public transport was completely shut down
. Water supplies, electricity and communication networks were completely shut down
Why did urban growth worsen the 2005 floods?
Rapid and uncontrolled development had replaced most public parks, gardens, and swamps- meaning the water could not infiltrate into the ground
Impermeable surfaces increased the amount of surface run off
What is the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan aiming to do for the city?
. Identified the risks and vulnerabilities the city would face in the future (i.e. flooding and earthquakes)
. Co-ordinate relief and rescue efforts
. Widened and deepened the Mithi to reduce flood risks
When was the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan implemented?
After the 2005 floods
Why do many environmentalists think that despite the efforts by the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan Mumbai is still at a large risk of flooding?
. Building is happening on floodplains
. Mangrove forests are being removed
. Storm drains and waterways are being clogged by plastic rubbish
Why has the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that Mumbai will be the second most at risk city in the world?
Rainfall, heat, humidity increases and sea level rise will have severe impacts on the city
What percentage of Mumbai will be underwater in the next 100 years if sea levels continue to rise at the same level? Impacts?
. 40%
. Destroy essential infrastructure
. Millions of homes submerged by coastal flooding
Why are many of the schemes Mumbai has adopted seen as unsustainable?
. They don’t involve the local community- so their needs aren’t met
. Strategies like dredging have many negative impacts
Why is vermiculture considered sustainable?
Worms breaking down waste at community vermiculture units has reduced the amount of waste going to land fill by 25%
Why is Advanced Locality Management considered sustainable?
. Involves rag pickers collecting waste from people’s houses- reduces the amount going to landfill
. Reduces the number of people scavenging on landfill sites- reducing health risks
Why is Ecoreco considered sustainable?
. Offers payment for e-waste
. Helps electronics to be recycled- reduces the need for extraction
. Reduces health risks from slum dwellers breaking down the electronics in their homes, where they expose themselves and their families to lead levels 10 times greater than safe limits
Why is the green roof scheme considered sustainable?
. City lacks open space (0.03 acres per 1,000 people compared to 12 in London)- hard to reverse
. Greens roofs help incorporate vegetation, and reduce air pollution
Name some of the religious groups present in Mumbai
Hindus (66%)
Muslims (21%)
Buddhists
Christians (3%)
What does Mumbai’s diverse population have problems with?
Racism
In 1989, what percentage of households were migrants?
46%
What perception of place does Slumdog Millionaire give of Mumbai for outsiders?
. Highlights poverty in the slums
. Shows wealth- cars and apartments
. Shows people working in call centres
. Films are not always realistic- giving a false perception of place
How do immigrants heading for Mumbai perceive it?
. A place of opportunity
. Somewhere they can work and have a good quality of life
How can people perceive Mumbai in a negative way?
News reports i.e. 2008 terrorist attack
How could slum dwellers perceive Mumbai?
. Feel unwanted by city officials as they want the land redeveloped
. Slums has a strong community spirit- place of safety
How could the wealthy residents of Mumbai perceive it?
. A place of wealth and work
. Many apartments overlook the slums- aesthetically unattractive
How could foreign investors perceive Mumbai?
. As a place of opportunity
. Cheap, skilled workforce
What is income mostly based on?
Outsourced work
How is Mumbai a financial hub?
The National stock Exchange of India
What is the population growth rate?
2%
What % of the population live in slums?
60%
What will the population of Mumbai be in 2030 vs 2020?
2020 - 20 million
2030 - 30 million
Where do the wealthiest residents live vs the poorest ones
. Wealthiest residential areas adjacent to the CBD
. Poorer residential areas towards the edge of the city
What is Dharavi vulnerable to?
Flooding - south of the Mithi River
What province is Mumbai located in?
Makrasha province
What village did people leave to go to Mumbai?
Kanhor village
Push factors Kanhor village
. Lack of sanitation
. Droughts
. Corruption in government schemes
. Poor food and water supply
. Farmers have taken out high interest loans from unofficial lenders
Pull factors for Mumbai
. Improved technological
. Large global corporations
. More opportunities e.g. Bollywood, IT, banking
. More services and more of a social life
. Better infrastructure like water + electricity
What is hyper urbanisation?
Where the increase in the urban population is happening so rapidly that the city cannot cope with the need of the people
What % of international flights land in Mumbai?
40%
What is Mumbai in regards in finance in India?
The commercial capital in India
What is the film industry like?
Bollywood film industry produces more films than Hollywood
What is rent like in Mumbai?
Rents in the most exclusive parts are higher than in London and New York
Dharavi population, space and production value?
1 million people living in 1 square mile producing 1 billion
What was Dharavi originally?
A small fishing village
When was the Dharavi slum founded?
When the British colonial government forced locals out the centre
What was the early economy in Dharavi based on and when?
1900s - pottery
What did migrants from the Maharashtra state bring?
Began the leather making industry
When and who started the leather making insdustry in Dharavi?
Rural urban migrants from Maharashtra sate in the early 1900s
What did migrants from North India bring?
Embroidery - origin of clothing indutry
When and who started the clothing insdustry in Dharavi?
Migrants from North India in the early 1900s
What did migrants from North West India start?
The potter industry
What is their a huge industry of in Dharavi?
Recycling - ragpickers
What do ragpickers do?
Collect waste and sell it to scrap dealers who give is to factories
What % of Mumbai’s waste does Dharavi recycle?
80%
How many tonnes of waste does Mumbai generate a day?
7000 tonnes
What % of work is in the informal sector
90%
Economic activity is largely ______ and ________ from inside Dharavi, industry is typically low ________
. Decentralised
. Organised and run from inside
. Low technology + labour intensive
How many industrial units are there?
5000
How many single room factories are there?
15,000
How many do the single room factories employ?
Over 250,000
How many garment workshops are there and with how many machines?
500 garment workshops with 50 machines
How widely are good exported?
All over the world - Dharavi Market website
How has the job sector shifted in the late 2000s?
Shift to service sector with growth of slum tourism - first slum museum opened in 2006 after Slumdog Millionaire succees
When did the first slum museum open?
In 2006 after Slumdog Millionaire succees
What is Dharavi like socially?
Sense of community with a safe neighbourhood
How many generations of family live in Dharavi?
4
What is life expectancy like in Dharavi and why?
Lower as burning plastic is toxic
What is labour like in Dharavi?
. Child labour with no protective clothing
What creates a sense of community in Dharavi?
Market place and restaurants
What is the environmental atmosphere like in Dharavi?
Noisy, dirty and smelly
What do the rich think about Dharavi?
Rich look down on poor and dont know much about Dharavi even though they only live 2 miles away
What is the employment rate in Dharavi?
85%
How many ragpickers, what do they search for and how much do they earn?
35,000 ragpickers search for stuff like plastic straws and only earn £1 a day
How much do dealers pay for a bag of rubbish?
2-5p
Why do slums have estate agents?
Due to high land value - they take a 10% commission
How much is Dharavi’s land worth to developers?
Billions
How is the waste dangerous?
It is contaminated and contains diseases like cholera
How many workshops are there in 1sq mile for recycling?
15,000
What is the recycling % in Dharavi compared to the UK?
80% comapred to 23% in the UK
How many rubbish bags are collected across Mumbai daily?
Over 1 million
What is planned with Dharavi for the future?
. A $2 billion project to destroy Dharavi and rebuild it
. People who have lived there for 10year+ can live at the bottom of the new high rise buildings - top will be sold to the rich
What do the people in Dharavi think about the development and what do they want?
Most dont want the flats and only want improvements to water supply and drainage
What negatives will the new development cause?
. Loss of industry like recycling
. Families will be isolated - loss of community
For every one toilet there are _______ people
1500
How many skyscrapers are there and how tall?
Over 40 about 150m
Mumbai is the ___ most polluted mega city
4th
Mumbai is the ___ most congested city
2nd
What % extra travel time do drivers spend stuck in traffic?
65%
What is cultural diversity like in MUmbai?
. Very few migrants are from abroad as it is not a HIC
. Rural urban migration has caused Mumbai to grow rapidly and made the city more diverse
What divides groups in Dharavi
Religion not race
Rich vs poor wealth divide?
There are millionaires living in a slum where 40% of people earn less than $10 month
What % of the population have lived in Dharavi for more than 10 years?
67%
What % have a family income per month of 0-5000 rupees
43%
