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AQA A-Level Human Geography > 🌆🖼️Case Study - Mumbai > Flashcards

🌆🖼️Case Study - Mumbai Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the population density of Mumbai?

A

30,900 per square km2

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2
Q

How large is Mumbai compared to other cities in India and in the world?

A

It is the largest city in India and the 4th largest in the world.

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3
Q

How much of India’s GDP is generated by Mumbai

A

5%

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4
Q

How much of India’s tax revenue does Mumbai generate?

A

1/3

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5
Q

What are the main industries in Mumbai?

A

Basic metals and engineering industries as well as chemicals and pharmaceuticals

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6
Q

What percentage of the population are working?

A

33%

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7
Q

What percentage of homes have a commercial establishment?

A

9%, including vegetable shops to illicit liquor stores

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8
Q

What is the average monthly income of households?

A

Rs2978 (£33)

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9
Q

What percentage of households are below the poverty line?

A

40%

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10
Q

What jobs do women typically do?

A

Maids in the local area, or working in the building industry

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11
Q

How do working conditions compare for women and men?

A

They are paid lower wages than men for the same jobs and denied access to training to qualify them for higher paid semi skilled jobs.

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12
Q

Why do poorer people often have low pay and unreliable income?

A

Due to irregular or casual employment

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13
Q

Why have employment opportunities been decreasing?

A

Due to closure of textile mills and lack of new industries

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14
Q

How did employment in manufacturing change between 1961 and 2001?

A

It fell from 41% to 20%

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15
Q

What has industry in Mumbai changed to?

A

Modern industrial infrastructure and vast skilled human resources

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16
Q

What percentage of Mumbai’s inhabitants live in slum dwellings?

A

60%

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17
Q

Which health conditions often affect slum areas in the city?

A

Malaria, dysentery, jaundice, cholera and typhoid

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18
Q

How many people live in Dharavi?

A

More than 1 million

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19
Q

What percentage of squatting is on private land?

A

50%

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20
Q

What percentage of slum huts are made of permanent material?

A

12%

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21
Q

What is the average size of a slum hut?

A

12.5m2

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22
Q

How many slum households have access to piped water?

A

1 in 6

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23
Q

How is Mumabi affected by sea level rise?

A

The Arabian sea is flooding areas of the city, forcing land reclamation

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24
Q

What supplies the city with water?

A

Three rivers and six large lakes

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25
Q

What is the average rainfall for July?

A

600mm, Monsoon season

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26
Q

What is the name of the city’s landfill?

A

Deonar

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27
Q

Where is the Deonar landfill located?

A

On the Eastern side of the island

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28
Q

How large is the landfill?

A

132 hectares

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29
Q

How much waste does the landfill receive every day?

A

6000+ tonnes

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30
Q

What is Mumbai’s coastline covered by?

A

Mangroves and beaches

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31
Q

What are the Northern Suburbs affected by?

A

The burning of rubbish in the municipal garbage dump

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32
Q

What area does the municipal garbage dump cover?

A

100ha

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33
Q

What is the level of particulate matter in the Northern Suburbs?

A

10 times the WHO’s upper limit

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34
Q

What percentage of the population live in high pollution zones?

A

97%

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35
Q

What happened to the landfill in 2016?

A

It caught fire, releasing large quantities of poisonous gases and particulates into the air

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36
Q

What is dumped into water ways?

A

Untreated sewerage and industrial waste

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37
Q

What percentage of sewerage is discharged into local waterways and coastal waters?

A

75%

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38
Q

What has happened to Lake Powai?

A

It has slowly been polluted and left in disregard, with around 50% of its surface covered with water hyacinths - which grow in areas with high pollution

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39
Q

What is the official language of Mumbai?

A

Marathi

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40
Q

What percentage of migration comes from within the state?

A

68%

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41
Q

What are the main reasons for migration?

A

Marriage, studying, employment and movement of family

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42
Q

How can Mumbai be seen?

A

As a city dominated by slums and poorer areas, rather than a megacity with prosperous financial district and technological manufacturing areas

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43
Q

What percentage of households have experienced theft?

A

12.36%

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44
Q

What percentage of households have experienced criminal intimidation?

A

0.51%

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45
Q

What did the British Empire ship from Mumbai to England for manufacturing?

A

Raw cotton

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46
Q

When did Mumbai begin to develop rapidly?

A

Following India’s independence from the British in 1947

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47
Q

How much of India’s foreign trade did Mumbai account for in 2015?

A

40%

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48
Q

Mumbai’s population of ______ makes it India’s largest city

A

20 million

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49
Q

What’s the population set to rise to by 2020?

A

. 24 million
. Giving it the highest population density of any city- strain on infrastructure

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50
Q

Which national park is located in Mumbai? What regularly happens as a result?

A

. Sanjay Gandhi National Park
. Animals escape into the city- leopard attacks are frequent

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51
Q

What is the climate like?

A

. Monsoon climate
. Extreme variation in rainfall throughout the year
. Average min temp: 23.5 in January
. Average max temp: 29.5 July

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52
Q

What 3 industries is Mumbai considered the centre of in India?

A

. Financial
. Entertainment (i.e. Bollywood)
. Fashion

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53
Q

What percentage of India’s exports leave through Mumbai’s port?

A

More than 50%

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54
Q

Example of a TNC founded and based in Mumbai?

A

Tata Group

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55
Q

Why do TNC’s often locate in Mumbai?

A

Workers are educated and skilled, but are paid less than in HIC’s

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56
Q

There are a huge number of workers in the ____ sector

A

Informal

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57
Q

Where are the wealthy parts of Mumbai?

A

. South (banking and financial centre) i.e. Nairman Point and Chowpatty Beach
. North, around Bollywood

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58
Q

Where is there extreme poverty?

A

Slums of Dharavi

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59
Q

What type of housing is in the wealthy parts?

A

. High quality apartments (due to land pressure)
. Air conditioning and pools

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60
Q

Why is it argued that government policies are depriving the poor of their fundamental rights?

A

Schemes are aimed at wealthy city workers i.e. Railway investment only benefits the wealthy and middle class

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61
Q

Mumbai’s population has nearly doubled since ____

A

1991

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62
Q

Why has Mumbai’s population increased so much?

A

Due to an influx of migrants from other parts of India seeking employment opportunity

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63
Q

What percentage of the population lives in slums?

A

60%

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64
Q

How many languages does Mumbai’s population speak?

A

16 major languages

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65
Q

Why has Mumbai produced many English speaking IT and engineering graduates?
What has this led to?

A

. The government has invested in university education
. Many English companies have invested- increasing wealth

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66
Q

What’s the total literacy rate of Mumbai?

A

85.6%

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67
Q

What is the difference between the literacy rate for males and females?
What does this highlight?

A

7.3%
Highlighting the gender divide, the gap is slowly closing as women are being empowered

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68
Q

What type of business boomed in the early 2000’s in Mumbai?

A

Call centres

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69
Q

What was Dharavi up until the late 19th Century? How was it filled in?

A

. A mangrove swamp
. Filled in using coconut leaves, rotten leaves and human waste

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70
Q

How much do the thousands of micro-industries in Dharavi earn annually?
Examples of the industries present?

A

$650 million
Garment makers, tanners and potters

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71
Q

Some residents of Dharavi have turned to the unregulated and unsafe businesses of ________

A

Rag picking and scouring rubbish heaps to earn a living

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72
Q

Years of government neglect in Dharavi have resulted in _____

A

. Inadequate hygiene standards- each toilet is shared by over 1,000 residents
. Poor housing quality
. Lack of basic infrastructure

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73
Q

What will the government led Dharavi Redevelopment Project give residents who have lived in the slum since 2000?

A

A 300 square foot house for free

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74
Q

How many doctors are there for every 100,000 people?

A

54 doctors

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75
Q

How many people is Mumbai’s existing health care system designed to treat?

A

Up to 7 million people

76
Q

Why do many go without medical help?

A

They can’t afford it, and there are long delays for the free (or significantly discounted healthcare on offer for the poor)

77
Q

What does some of the pollution data suggest about Mumbai?

A

It is among the most polluted cities in the world

78
Q

What percentage of air pollution is caused by waste burning? Why is this bad for the population?

A

27.5%
. Results in toxic chemicals being released- dangerous for residents and causes respiratory illness
. High particulate levels can increase the risk of cancer

79
Q

What percentage of air pollution is caused by transport?
Why do cars emit such high levels of pollution?

A

22.7%
There is insufficient control over vehicle emission levels

80
Q

What percentage of air pollution is generated through domestic cooking and heating? Why is this?

A

11.3%
Many families are reliant on coal fires

81
Q

What percentage of air pollution is from diesel generators?

A

14.6%

82
Q

Companies based in Mumbai are causing lots of air pollution because they are taking advantage of _____

A

Relaxed planning laws

83
Q

Which rubbish incineration plant causes most of the industrial air pollution?
How many times over the safe air pollution is this during its nightly burning?

A

. Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
. 13 times greater than the safe limit

84
Q

How many vehicles are driven daily on Mumbai’s roads?
Why are a lot of cars in poor condition?

A

4 million
Many are second hand, and there are no MOTs to check their condition

85
Q

How have car owners been encouraged to reduce air pollution?

A

Buy hybrid cars
Taxes have been increased for car owners

86
Q

Give an example of public transport improvement

A

. Mumbai’s first monorail opened in 2012
. Each of the 4 coaches has the capacity for 500
. Aims to ease congestion and traffic pollution in central Mumbai
. Rubber tyres also reduce noise pollution

87
Q

What was the slogan used at Mumbai’s first cyclothon in 2010?
How many attended?
What are the concerns with cycling in Mumbai?

A

‘Burn fat, not fuel’
Over 7,000 participants
Concerns over cyclist safety as there are a lack of road regulations

88
Q

What industrial legislation has been introduced to reduce air pollution?

A

Chimneys have to be over a certain height, so smoke particles are dispersed more easily by the wind
Chimneys need filters to remove poisonous particulates

89
Q

What are the benefits of the green roof scheme?

A

. They filter pollutants out of the air and run off water- reduces respiratory illness
. Reduce the heat island effect
. Help cool houses = less air conditioning = less electricity needed

90
Q

Where was the gas leak in 2010 causing 76 to be emitted to hospital?

A

Sewri Industrial Park

91
Q

How many of India’s rivers were found to be polluted in 2010?
Why was this?

A

50%
Sewage flows in open drains, having serious impacts on groundwater quality and human health

92
Q

What strategies were implemented in 2010 to clear up the River Mithi?

A

. Unemployed people hired to clean up the river
. Authorities set up a proper rubbish collection system
. Authorities began to close all unauthorised waste dumping

93
Q

What longer term strategies are being implemented on the River Mithi to reduce water pollution?

A

. Sewers are being installed on both banks of the river, with sewage treatment plants constructed at various locations
. Dredge the entire length of the river to improve its carrying capacity
. Provide public toilets at regular intervals so less human waste enters the river

94
Q

Why is there a large amount of dereliction in Mumbai?

A

. Due to the inequality
. Little is being done to tackle the dereliction

95
Q

Why do the urban poor live in derelict buildings?

A

As they provide shelter in bad weather

96
Q

When are the monsoon rains in Mumbai?
Why do they have such a big impact on the city?

A

. Between June and September
. The city is built on low lying land

97
Q

When did Mumbai receive 944mm of rainfall (the average amount for the entire season)?
What worsened the flooding this caused?

A

26th July 2005
There were high tides

98
Q

What were the impacts of the 2005 floods?

A

. Over 400 people died
. Over 10,000 homes were destroyed
. City suffered losses of £1.2 billion
. Public transport was completely shut down
. Water supplies, electricity and communication networks were completely shut down

99
Q

Why did urban growth worsen the 2005 floods?

A

Rapid and uncontrolled development had replaced most public parks, gardens, and swamps- meaning the water could not infiltrate into the ground
Impermeable surfaces increased the amount of surface run off

100
Q

What is the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan aiming to do for the city?

A

. Identified the risks and vulnerabilities the city would face in the future (i.e. flooding and earthquakes)
. Co-ordinate relief and rescue efforts
. Widened and deepened the Mithi to reduce flood risks

101
Q

When was the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan implemented?

A

After the 2005 floods

102
Q

Why do many environmentalists think that despite the efforts by the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan Mumbai is still at a large risk of flooding?

A

. Building is happening on floodplains
. Mangrove forests are being removed
. Storm drains and waterways are being clogged by plastic rubbish

103
Q

Why has the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that Mumbai will be the second most at risk city in the world?

A

Rainfall, heat, humidity increases and sea level rise will have severe impacts on the city

104
Q

What percentage of Mumbai will be underwater in the next 100 years if sea levels continue to rise at the same level? Impacts?

A

. 40%
. Destroy essential infrastructure
. Millions of homes submerged by coastal flooding

105
Q

Why are many of the schemes Mumbai has adopted seen as unsustainable?

A

. They don’t involve the local community- so their needs aren’t met
. Strategies like dredging have many negative impacts

106
Q

Why is vermiculture considered sustainable?

A

Worms breaking down waste at community vermiculture units has reduced the amount of waste going to land fill by 25%

107
Q

Why is Advanced Locality Management considered sustainable?

A

. Involves rag pickers collecting waste from people’s houses- reduces the amount going to landfill
. Reduces the number of people scavenging on landfill sites- reducing health risks

108
Q

Why is Ecoreco considered sustainable?

A

. Offers payment for e-waste
. Helps electronics to be recycled- reduces the need for extraction
. Reduces health risks from slum dwellers breaking down the electronics in their homes, where they expose themselves and their families to lead levels 10 times greater than safe limits

109
Q

Why is the green roof scheme considered sustainable?

A

. City lacks open space (0.03 acres per 1,000 people compared to 12 in London)- hard to reverse
. Greens roofs help incorporate vegetation, and reduce air pollution

110
Q

Name some of the religious groups present in Mumbai

A

Hindus (66%)
Muslims (21%)
Buddhists
Christians (3%)

111
Q

What does Mumbai’s diverse population have problems with?

A

Racism

112
Q

In 1989, what percentage of households were migrants?

A

46%

113
Q

What perception of place does Slumdog Millionaire give of Mumbai for outsiders?

A

. Highlights poverty in the slums
. Shows wealth- cars and apartments
. Shows people working in call centres
. Films are not always realistic- giving a false perception of place

114
Q

How do immigrants heading for Mumbai perceive it?

A

. A place of opportunity
. Somewhere they can work and have a good quality of life

115
Q

How can people perceive Mumbai in a negative way?

A

News reports i.e. 2008 terrorist attack

116
Q

How could slum dwellers perceive Mumbai?

A

. Feel unwanted by city officials as they want the land redeveloped
. Slums has a strong community spirit- place of safety

117
Q

How could the wealthy residents of Mumbai perceive it?

A

. A place of wealth and work
. Many apartments overlook the slums- aesthetically unattractive

118
Q

How could foreign investors perceive Mumbai?

A

. As a place of opportunity
. Cheap, skilled workforce

119
Q

What is income mostly based on?

A

Outsourced work

120
Q

How is Mumbai a financial hub?

A

The National stock Exchange of India

121
Q

What is the population growth rate?

A

2%

122
Q

What % of the population live in slums?

A

60%

123
Q

What will the population of Mumbai be in 2030 vs 2020?

A

2020 - 20 million
2030 - 30 million

124
Q

Where do the wealthiest residents live vs the poorest ones

A

. Wealthiest residential areas adjacent to the CBD
. Poorer residential areas towards the edge of the city

125
Q

What is Dharavi vulnerable to?

A

Flooding - south of the Mithi River

126
Q

What province is Mumbai located in?

A

Makrasha province

127
Q

What village did people leave to go to Mumbai?

A

Kanhor village

128
Q

Push factors Kanhor village

A

. Lack of sanitation
. Droughts
. Corruption in government schemes
. Poor food and water supply
. Farmers have taken out high interest loans from unofficial lenders

129
Q

Pull factors for Mumbai

A

. Improved technological
. Large global corporations
. More opportunities e.g. Bollywood, IT, banking
. More services and more of a social life
. Better infrastructure like water + electricity

130
Q

What is hyper urbanisation?

A

Where the increase in the urban population is happening so rapidly that the city cannot cope with the need of the people

131
Q

What % of international flights land in Mumbai?

A

40%

132
Q

What is Mumbai in regards in finance in India?

A

The commercial capital in India

133
Q

What is the film industry like?

A

Bollywood film industry produces more films than Hollywood

134
Q

What is rent like in Mumbai?

A

Rents in the most exclusive parts are higher than in London and New York

135
Q

Dharavi population, space and production value?

A

1 million people living in 1 square mile producing 1 billion

136
Q

What was Dharavi originally?

A

A small fishing village

137
Q

When was the Dharavi slum founded?

A

When the British colonial government forced locals out the centre

138
Q

What was the early economy in Dharavi based on and when?

A

1900s - pottery

139
Q

What did migrants from the Maharashtra state bring?

A

Began the leather making industry

140
Q

When and who started the leather making insdustry in Dharavi?

A

Rural urban migrants from Maharashtra sate in the early 1900s

141
Q

What did migrants from North India bring?

A

Embroidery - origin of clothing indutry

142
Q

When and who started the clothing insdustry in Dharavi?

A

Migrants from North India in the early 1900s

143
Q

What did migrants from North West India start?

A

The potter industry

144
Q

What is their a huge industry of in Dharavi?

A

Recycling - ragpickers

145
Q

What do ragpickers do?

A

Collect waste and sell it to scrap dealers who give is to factories

146
Q

What % of Mumbai’s waste does Dharavi recycle?

A

80%

147
Q

How many tonnes of waste does Mumbai generate a day?

A

7000 tonnes

148
Q

What % of work is in the informal sector

A

90%

149
Q

Economic activity is largely ______ and ________ from inside Dharavi, industry is typically low ________

A

. Decentralised
. Organised and run from inside
. Low technology + labour intensive

150
Q

How many industrial units are there?

A

5000

151
Q

How many single room factories are there?

A

15,000

152
Q

How many do the single room factories employ?

A

Over 250,000

153
Q

How many garment workshops are there and with how many machines?

A

500 garment workshops with 50 machines

154
Q

How widely are good exported?

A

All over the world - Dharavi Market website

155
Q

How has the job sector shifted in the late 2000s?

A

Shift to service sector with growth of slum tourism - first slum museum opened in 2006 after Slumdog Millionaire succees

156
Q

When did the first slum museum open?

A

In 2006 after Slumdog Millionaire succees

157
Q

What is Dharavi like socially?

A

Sense of community with a safe neighbourhood

158
Q

How many generations of family live in Dharavi?

A

4

159
Q

What is life expectancy like in Dharavi and why?

A

Lower as burning plastic is toxic

160
Q

What is labour like in Dharavi?

A

. Child labour with no protective clothing

161
Q

What creates a sense of community in Dharavi?

A

Market place and restaurants

162
Q

What is the environmental atmosphere like in Dharavi?

A

Noisy, dirty and smelly

163
Q

What do the rich think about Dharavi?

A

Rich look down on poor and dont know much about Dharavi even though they only live 2 miles away

164
Q

What is the employment rate in Dharavi?

A

85%

165
Q

How many ragpickers, what do they search for and how much do they earn?

A

35,000 ragpickers search for stuff like plastic straws and only earn £1 a day

166
Q

How much do dealers pay for a bag of rubbish?

A

2-5p

167
Q

Why do slums have estate agents?

A

Due to high land value - they take a 10% commission

168
Q

How much is Dharavi’s land worth to developers?

A

Billions

169
Q

How is the waste dangerous?

A

It is contaminated and contains diseases like cholera

170
Q

How many workshops are there in 1sq mile for recycling?

A

15,000

171
Q

What is the recycling % in Dharavi compared to the UK?

A

80% comapred to 23% in the UK

172
Q

How many rubbish bags are collected across Mumbai daily?

A

Over 1 million

173
Q

What is planned with Dharavi for the future?

A

. A $2 billion project to destroy Dharavi and rebuild it
. People who have lived there for 10year+ can live at the bottom of the new high rise buildings - top will be sold to the rich

174
Q

What do the people in Dharavi think about the development and what do they want?

A

Most dont want the flats and only want improvements to water supply and drainage

175
Q

What negatives will the new development cause?

A

. Loss of industry like recycling
. Families will be isolated - loss of community

176
Q

For every one toilet there are _______ people

A

1500

177
Q

How many skyscrapers are there and how tall?

A

Over 40 about 150m

178
Q

Mumbai is the ___ most polluted mega city

A

4th

179
Q

Mumbai is the ___ most congested city

A

2nd

180
Q

What % extra travel time do drivers spend stuck in traffic?

A

65%

181
Q

What is cultural diversity like in MUmbai?

A

. Very few migrants are from abroad as it is not a HIC
. Rural urban migration has caused Mumbai to grow rapidly and made the city more diverse

182
Q

What divides groups in Dharavi

A

Religion not race

183
Q

Rich vs poor wealth divide?

A

There are millionaires living in a slum where 40% of people earn less than $10 month

184
Q

What % of the population have lived in Dharavi for more than 10 years?

A

67%

185
Q

What % have a family income per month of 0-5000 rupees

A

43%

AQA A-Level Human Geography (58 decks)

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