🌆3.2.3.3 - Social and Economic Issues Associated with Urbanisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cultural diversity?

A

Existence of a variety of cultural/ethnic groups within a society

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2
Q

What is diaspora?

A

A group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world

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3
Q

What is economic inequality?

A

The difference between levels of living standards or income

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4
Q

What is social segregation?

A

Groups of people living apart from the larger population for a variety of factors

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5
Q

What is urban social exclusion?

A

Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

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6
Q

What is poverty?

A

An absolute term referring to a poor standard of living which doesn’t change over time

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7
Q

What is inequality?

A

Refers to the economic differences between people at a variety of scales. All relative and not absolute

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8
Q

What are the 7 dimensions of deprivation?

A
Income
Employment
Health and disability
Education, skills and training
Crime
Housing and services
Living environment
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9
Q

What are some of the strategies to improve economic inequality?

A
Living wage
Schools providing equal education
Affordable housing
Low skill jobs
Public transport
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10
Q

How can housing lead to inequality?

A

New migrants generally are poor upon arrival and live in multiple occupancy rented accommodation. Ethnic minorities less successful at securing loans and mortgages

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11
Q

How can education lead to inequality?

A

Children usually attend nearest school, which may lead to a school becoming dominated by one ethnic group in particular areas. Additional English lessons may be required and special religious provisions

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12
Q

How can health lead to inequality?

A

Many minority ethnic groups live in inner city areas, with close association of poorer health levels. Tends to be a result of the poor built environment

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13
Q

How can religion lead to inequality?

A

Migrants may wish to follow their own religious calendars, which could lead to friction with employers and local communities. Misunderstanding of religious practices such as traditional clothing may also lead to conflict.

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14
Q

How can gender lead to inequality?

A

Women from ethnic minority groups might adopt different cultural preferences, traditions and norms. There may be a tendency for women t be the primary carers and they may be disadvantaged in terms of employment opportunities

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15
Q

What are some of the reasons for city diversity?

A

Point of entry for migrants
Specialist shops and services
Employment opportunities
Tolerant of migrants

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16
Q

How can inequality be reduced through education?

A

Increasing children’s achievement by improving educational provision and opportunities in deprived areas, seeking to improve literacy where English is a second language

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17
Q

How can inequality be reduced through Employment?

A

Increasing employment through initiatives to ensure basic skills and access to information and training

18
Q

How can inequality be reduced though communities?

A

Increasing community involvement by ensuring that the needs of minority groups are understood and met

19
Q

How can inequality be reduced through decreasing segregation?

A

Providing facilities that encourage meetings of all sections of a community rather than separate ethnic groups

20
Q

How can inequality be reduced through specialist services?

A

Providing these specialist services, such as female doctors for women of specific religious beliefs

21
Q

When did London become ‘global’?

A

1990s

22
Q

How many main waves of migration has London had?

A

4

23
Q

When were London’s main waves of migration?

A

1950s-70s: settlers from former empire
1990s-2000s: refugees from Balkans, Africa, Iraq
2004: those from former communist countries
+ a wave of undocumented migrants

24
Q

When did Bradford begin to rapidly expand?

A

19th century

25
Q

Where did many of Bradford’s migrants come from after WW2?

A

Pakistan and the Caribbean

26
Q

How did inequality between races develop in Bradford?

A

Indian Hindus and Sikhs moved into the middle class much quicker then Pakistanis

27
Q

What did Bradford have in June 2009?

A

The highest levels of deprivation in the UK, with high infant mortality and low life expectancy

28
Q

What percentage did unemployment in ethnic groups hit in Bradford?

A

60%

29
Q

Causes of Social Segregation

A

Maintain own language and belief
Racial tension
Near services i.e. mosques

30
Q

Issues with Social Segregation

A

. Schools dominated by 1 belief- TROJAN HORSE
. Lack of integration = prejudice and discrimination
. Less access to education- widens inequalities

31
Q

Why are issues with Social Segregation worse in developing countries?

A

. Lack facilities in poorer areas
. Lack resources to support poorest (i.e. no welfare state)

32
Q

Issues with Economic Inequality

A

Increased crime and drug use
Political and social unrest
Health problems i.e. malnourished

33
Q

Ways to Tackle Inequality

A

. Enforce living wage
. Improve provision of schools
. Support low skilled workers
. Affordable housing
. Environment
. Public transport
. Companies given subsidies

34
Q

Reasons for Cultural Diversity

A

. Historic migration
. Employment (economic migrants)
. Same ethnicity already there - specialist shops and services
. Tolerance

35
Q

Issues with Cultural Diversity

A

. Influx of migrants strains services
. Loss of sense of place for existing residents
. Hate crime
. House prices increase as ethnicities want to live together

36
Q

Solutions for Cultural Diversity

A

. Increased employment through initiatives
. Increased community involvement
. Print leaflets in a range of languages
. Translators in hospitals (suitable for culture i.e. same sex)
. Teach kids English
. Empower women

37
Q

How have Birmingham increased community involvement?

A

Bertha the Bus
Interview skills, plus is mobile- goes where needed

38
Q

What percentage of new housing in Birmingham is for first time buyers?
For social housing?

A

10% first time
25% social

39
Q

How many hours free childcare are allowed a week?

A

30 hours

40
Q

How much does Car Share Birmingham save a year?

A

£200

41
Q

How much do low income people in Birmingham get off public transport?

A

50%

42
Q

What is being built to improve Birmingham’s connection to London?

A

HS2 Curzon Street