🌆3.2.3.3 - Social and Economic Issues Associated with Urbanisation

Question 1

What is cultural diversity?

Answer 1

Existence of a variety of cultural/ethnic groups within a society

Question 2

What is diaspora?

Answer 2

A group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world

Question 3

What is economic inequality?

Answer 3

The difference between levels of living standards or income

Question 4

What is social segregation?

Answer 4

Groups of people living apart from the larger population for a variety of factors

Question 5

What is urban social exclusion?

Answer 5

Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

Question 6

What is poverty?

Answer 6

An absolute term referring to a poor standard of living which doesn’t change over time

Question 7

What is inequality?

Answer 7

Refers to the economic differences between people at a variety of scales. All relative and not absolute

Question 8

What are the 7 dimensions of deprivation?

Answer 8

Income
Employment
Health and disability
Education, skills and training
Crime
Housing and services
Living environment

Question 9

What are some of the strategies to improve economic inequality?

Answer 9

Living wage
Schools providing equal education
Affordable housing
Low skill jobs
Public transport

Question 10

How can housing lead to inequality?

Answer 10

New migrants generally are poor upon arrival and live in multiple occupancy rented accommodation. Ethnic minorities less successful at securing loans and mortgages

Question 11

How can education lead to inequality?

Answer 11

Children usually attend nearest school, which may lead to a school becoming dominated by one ethnic group in particular areas. Additional English lessons may be required and special religious provisions

Question 12

How can health lead to inequality?

Answer 12

Many minority ethnic groups live in inner city areas, with close association of poorer health levels. Tends to be a result of the poor built environment

Question 13

How can religion lead to inequality?

Answer 13

Migrants may wish to follow their own religious calendars, which could lead to friction with employers and local communities. Misunderstanding of religious practices such as traditional clothing may also lead to conflict.

Question 14

How can gender lead to inequality?

Answer 14

Women from ethnic minority groups might adopt different cultural preferences, traditions and norms. There may be a tendency for women t be the primary carers and they may be disadvantaged in terms of employment opportunities

Question 15

What are some of the reasons for city diversity?

Answer 15

Point of entry for migrants
Specialist shops and services
Employment opportunities
Tolerant of migrants

Question 16

How can inequality be reduced through education?

Answer 16

Increasing children’s achievement by improving educational provision and opportunities in deprived areas, seeking to improve literacy where English is a second language

Question 17

How can inequality be reduced through Employment?

Answer 17

Increasing employment through initiatives to ensure basic skills and access to information and training

Question 18

How can inequality be reduced though communities?

Answer 18

Increasing community involvement by ensuring that the needs of minority groups are understood and met

Question 19

How can inequality be reduced through decreasing segregation?

Answer 19

Providing facilities that encourage meetings of all sections of a community rather than separate ethnic groups

Question 20

How can inequality be reduced through specialist services?

Answer 20

Providing these specialist services, such as female doctors for women of specific religious beliefs

Question 21

When did London become ‘global’?

Answer 21

1990s

Question 22

How many main waves of migration has London had?

Answer 22

4

Question 23

When were London’s main waves of migration?

Answer 23

1950s-70s: settlers from former empire
1990s-2000s: refugees from Balkans, Africa, Iraq
2004: those from former communist countries
+ a wave of undocumented migrants

Question 24

When did Bradford begin to rapidly expand?

Answer 24

19th century

Question 25

Where did many of Bradford’s migrants come from after WW2?

Answer 25

Pakistan and the Caribbean

Question 26

How did inequality between races develop in Bradford?

Answer 26

Indian Hindus and Sikhs moved into the middle class much quicker then Pakistanis

Question 27

What did Bradford have in June 2009?

Answer 27

The highest levels of deprivation in the UK, with high infant mortality and low life expectancy

Question 28

What percentage did unemployment in ethnic groups hit in Bradford?

Answer 28

60%

Question 29

Causes of Social Segregation

Answer 29

Maintain own language and belief
Racial tension
Near services i.e. mosques

Question 30

Issues with Social Segregation

Answer 30

. Schools dominated by 1 belief- TROJAN HORSE
. Lack of integration = prejudice and discrimination
. Less access to education- widens inequalities

Question 31

Why are issues with Social Segregation worse in developing countries?

Answer 31

. Lack facilities in poorer areas
. Lack resources to support poorest (i.e. no welfare state)

Question 32

Issues with Economic Inequality

Answer 32

Increased crime and drug use
Political and social unrest
Health problems i.e. malnourished

Question 33

Ways to Tackle Inequality

Answer 33

. Enforce living wage
. Improve provision of schools
. Support low skilled workers
. Affordable housing
. Environment
. Public transport
. Companies given subsidies

Question 34

Reasons for Cultural Diversity

Answer 34

. Historic migration
. Employment (economic migrants)
. Same ethnicity already there - specialist shops and services
. Tolerance

Question 35

Issues with Cultural Diversity

Answer 35

. Influx of migrants strains services
. Loss of sense of place for existing residents
. Hate crime
. House prices increase as ethnicities want to live together

Question 36

Solutions for Cultural Diversity

Answer 36

. Increased employment through initiatives
. Increased community involvement
. Print leaflets in a range of languages
. Translators in hospitals (suitable for culture i.e. same sex)
. Teach kids English
. Empower women

Question 37

How have Birmingham increased community involvement?

Answer 37

Bertha the Bus
Interview skills, plus is mobile- goes where needed

Question 38

What percentage of new housing in Birmingham is for first time buyers?
For social housing?

Answer 38

10% first time
25% social

Question 39

How many hours free childcare are allowed a week?

Answer 39

30 hours

Question 40

How much does Car Share Birmingham save a year?

Answer 40

£200

Question 41

How much do low income people in Birmingham get off public transport?

Answer 41

50%

Question 42

What is being built to improve Birmingham’s connection to London?

Answer 42

HS2 Curzon Street