Physiology week 4 lecture review Flashcards
All of the following are secreted by the adrenal glands except _____.
(a) Glucocorticoids
(b) Mineralocorticoids
(c) Calcitonin
(d) Norepinephrine
(e) Epinephrine.
(c) Calcitonin
FALSE regarding calcitonin?
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone. Any statement claiming it increases blood calcium would be false.
Which is involved in calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin are all involved in calcium homeostasis.
ACTH is released in response to…WHAT?
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) is released in response to stress and low levels of cortisol in the blood, signaled by the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
Cortisol is involved with which of the following?
Cortisol is involved in stress response, metabolism, immune response, and regulation of inflammation.
Which is incorrect regarding GH?
Any statement that suggests GH decreases muscle mass or stunts growth in children would be incorrect, as GH promotes growth and muscle mass.
Which is FALSE regarding Parathyroid hormone?
A false statement about parathyroid hormone would be that it lowers blood calcium levels. It actually increases them.
The thyroid hormones T3 and T4 do not use transporters to cross cell membranes. T/F.
False. T3 and T4 typically require transport proteins to move through the bloodstream.
The effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissue include……….except
thyroid hormones affect metabolism, heart rate, and growth. An effect not attributed to them could be decreasing blood calcium levels.
Mature, less active bone cells are called_WHAT? Name?___________.
Osteocytes.
Vitamin D (calcitriol) is…WHAT?
A hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate in the body and is crucial for bone health.
Somatostatin is another name for????
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH).
Adipocytes secrete the hormone…WHICH ONE?
Leptin.
The brain neurotransmitter that is the stimulus for food intake is…WHICH ONE?
Ghrelin.
The most practical way to estimate a person’s basal metabolic rate is to measure it when the person is sleeping.
True. Basal metabolic rate is best measured under conditions of complete physical and mental rest, which sleep provides.
Anabolic pathways include ……except ???
Anabolic pathways involve building up molecules and typically include processes like protein synthesis. Glycolysis, which breaks down glucose, would be an exception.
The brain relies solely on fatty acids as its energy source. If it is deprived of this substrate, the cells soon die. T/F
False. The brain primarily uses glucose for energy and can also use ketone bodies when necessary.
An enzyme that digests fats is…WHiCH ONE
Lipase.
Which (of the following) is NOT produced in the body for the purpose of storing extra calories?
hormones like insulin are not “produced for storing calories” but rather regulate the process.
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are…WHAT?
Fats.
The synthesis of glucose from a noncarbohydrate precursor is referred to as…WHAT TERM?
Gluconeogenesis.
During the fasting state, the energy stores of the __WHAT______ become the major source of glucose for the whole body.
Liver (and to some extent, muscles).
Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol and phospholipids out of the plasma to the liver are called…WHAT?
High-density lipoproteins (HDL).
When amino acids are metabolized for energy, the ammonia is converted to urea and then is excreted from the body by the……????? WHICH ORGAN …EaSY PIE
Kidneys.
The process of disassembling fatty acids into two-carbon units inside mitochondria is called_____what?_____________.
Beta-oxidation.
A substance that the liver produces when metabolizing fatty acids that is both an energy source and a potentially harmful substance is______what?___________.
Ketones.
The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete_______what?_______.
Glucagon.
When blood glucose levels increase, as in the “fed” state,________whAT__happens___________.
Insulin is released, facilitating glucose uptake by cells and glycogen synthesis in the liver.
During the absorptive state,…What happens?
Nutrients from food are absorbed into the bloodstream, insulin levels rise, and the body uses glucose as its primary energy source.
In the Short-loop negative feedback, the Pituitary hormone suppresses hypothalamic trophic hormone production. T/F
True.
The steroid hormones are stored in the endocrine cell because of their lipophilic nature .T/F
False. Steroid hormones, due to their lipophilic nature, are not stored in cells but synthesized on demand.
Neurohormones are secreted into the blood by neurons…T/F
True.
During starvation,_______________.WHAT HAPPENS?
The body starts using fat and then protein stores for energy, leading to ketosis and muscle wasting.
A primary target tissue for insulin is the……WHAT?
the liver, the skeletal muscle and the adipose tissue.
In type I diabetes, a hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state may occur. Which best describes this state?
A severe increase in blood sugar without significant ketosis, leading to dehydration and altered consciousness.
The term that describes the need for one hormone to be present for a second hormone to produce a full effect is called permissive. T/F
True.
Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, __WHAT HAPPENS?____________.
They alter gene expression in the cell’s nucleus.
Only energy outtake and level of physical activity can be voluntarily changed. T/F
True.
Secondary pathologies arise in the last endocrine gland in a complex reflex pathway. T/F
False. Secondary pathologies can arise in any gland involved in the pathway.
When the hypothalamus is stimulated, the posterior pituitary produces two neurohormones: vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone (ADH)) and oxytocin T/F
True.
