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Nursing School WCU > pathophysiology week 1 > Flashcards

pathophysiology week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
A

p53 mutations

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2
Q
  1. Cancer grading is based on
A

The degree of cellular differentiation and the number of mitoses (proliferation); how the cancer cells look; how abnormal the cancer cells and tissue look under a microscope when compared to healthy cells, cell differentiation

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3
Q
  1. The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of
A

tumor necrosis factor

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3
Q
  1. Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of (Select all that apply.)
A

environmental toxins, overcrowding, nutrition, hygiene

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4
Q
  1. When determining additional data to gather before making a diagnosis, what factors need to be considered? (Select all that apply.)
A

Patient history, symptoms, physical examination findings, and diagnostic test results.

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5
Q
  1. Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
A

pupil constriction
(these are indicators: Physical Indicators Elevated blood pressure Increased muscle tension Elevated pulse rate Increased respiration Sweaty palms Cold extremities (hands and feet) Fatigue Tension headache Upset stomach: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Change in appetite Change in weight Increased blood catecholamine level Hyperglycemia Restlessness Insomnia Behavioral and Emotional Indicators Anxiety (nonspecific fears) Depression Increased use of mind-altering substances (e.g., alcohol, chemical substances) Change in eating, sleeping, or activity pattern Mental exhaustion Feelings of inadequacy; loss of self-esteem Increased irritability Loss of motivation Decreased productivity Inability to make good judgments Inability to concentrate Increased absenteeism and illness Increased proneness to accidents)

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6
Q
  1. Which is the correct effect of excessive cortisol production?
A

immune suppression

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7
Q
  1. The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is
A

energy and repair

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7
Q
  1. All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
A

aldosterone

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8
Q
  1. The production of this hormone can increase during stress to enhance immune function
A

growth hormone

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8
Q
  1. This hormone thought to moderate stress response and produce a calming effect.
A

Oxytocin

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8
Q
  1. Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (Select all that apply.)
A

decreased urinary output
increased sodium retention
increased blood volume

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9
Q
  1. The _________ is the behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms.
A

coping mechanisms, coping

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9
Q
  1. In regards to the Multistep Nature of Carcinogenesis, which is false about the Progression stage
A

all true
Mutant, proliferating cells begin to exhibit malignant behavior.
Cells whose phenotype gives them a growth advantage proliferate more rapidly
Evolved tumor cells differ significantly from the normal tissue

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10
Q
  1. This endogenous opioid produces sedation and euphoria
A

endorphins

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11
Q
  1. Which is false about Stress?
A

(all true about stress: Physical, chemical, or emotional factor resulting in tension of body, Actual physical and mental state that tension produces, Real or perceived threat to homeostasis, Direct consciously or indirect unconsciously sensed threat to the stability of the organism)

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12
Q
  1. Which is NOT a stress response of the body? Select all that apply
A

(Effects of stress response influenced by:
Genetics, socioeconomic status, prior susceptibilities, preexisting health status, allostatic state, ability to manage stress.)

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13
Q
  1. This tumor marker is associated with carcinomas of the colon, pancreas, lungs, stomach and heart.
A

CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen)

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14
Q
  1. Which one is false about Malignant Tumor?
A

True: can kill host if untreated, Confirmed by invasive or metastasizing nature, Tissue-specific differentiation (does not closely resemble tissue type of origin), Grows rapidly, May initiate tumor vessel growth, Frequently necrotic, Dysfunctional

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15
Q
  1. The ________ identifies causal factors that, acting in concert, provoke a particular disease or injury.
A

etiology

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16
Q
  1. The cellular response indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism is
A

intracellular accumulation

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17
Q
  1. The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as
A

Subclinical stage

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17
Q
  1. Infectious injury often results from (Select all that apply.)
A

exotoxins
endotoxins
enzymes from white blood cells

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18
Q
  1. Events which occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of (Select all that apply.)
A

Catecholamines
ACTH
Glucocorticoids

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19
Q
  1. Is the term used for a tumor whose origin is (nerve, bone, muscle).
A

Sarcoma

20
Q
  1. Which is false about Hydropic swelling?
A

all true
-Hydropic swelling: cellular swelling because of accumulation of water, First manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury, Results from malfunction of sodium-potassium pump with accumulation of sodium ions within the cell, Any injury that results in loss of energy (ATP) will also result in swelling,
-Characteristics: Large, pale cytoplasm, Dilated endoplasmic reticulum, Swollen mitochondria
-Generalized swelling of cells in organs can lead to increase in size and weight: “megaly.”

21
Q
  1. In reversible cell injury, the intracellular accumulations are characterized by the following except:
A

TRUE:
Accumulation of water (hydropic swelling)
Fatty change
Accumulation of proteins
Glycogen accumulation
Pigment accumulation

22
Q
  1. This type of gangrene forms of coagulative necrosis characterized by blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue.
A

Dry Gangrene

22
Q
  1. The _________ is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition.
A

Specificity

23
Q
  1. The __________ subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness.
A

sequela

24
Q
  1. The _______ are peptides produced and secreted by white blood cells.
A

immune cytokines

25
Q
  1. The _________ is the description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder/disease.
A

Pathogenesis

26
Q
  1. According to the cancer staging chart, the survival rate percentage for re with stage IV cancer at 10 years is _____
A

15%

27
Q
  1. The ______ is the process of forming new blood vessels.
A

Angiogenesis

28
Q
  1. What is the percentage of developing breast cancer for women with a family history of breast cancer and an inherited defect in the BRCA1 gene?
A

50% risk of developing breast cancer

29
Q
  1. What virus is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?
A

HTLV-1 (Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1)

30
Q
  1. The __________ are proteins that must be assembled at the promoter area to begin gene transcription.
A

transcription factors

31
Q
  1. Which is false about Cancer drug therapy?
A

all true
Systemic administration of anticancer chemicals to treat cancers known or suspected to be disseminated in the body, Finds cancer cell targets in the body, Most are cytotoxic, Not selective for tumor cells (normal cell death may also occur), Most effective on rapidly dividing cells, Several courses ensure all cancer cells killed, Serious side effect: bone marrow suppression, Promising approach is to inhibit angiogenesis by the tumor with antiangiogenic drugs

31
Q
  1. Which is True about Cancer Radiation Therapy?
A

Kills tumor cells by damaging nuclear DNA
Kills cells that are nonresectable because of location, missed by surgery, or undetected
May not kill cells directly, but initiates apoptosis
Small doses of radiation over several treatments (difficult to kill at once because cells are on different cycles)
Some normal cells killed during radiation therapy

32
Q
  1. About cervical cancer screening, which one is false?
A

all true
Age 21–29: cervical cytology every 3 years Age 30–65: cervical cytology + HPV test every 5 years or cervical cytology alone every 3 years Age 65+: women who have had regular cervical cancer screening with normal results should not be tested again Women with history of precancerous cervical changes or cancer diagnosis should be tested for at least 20 years after that diagnosis even if testing goes past age 65 No screening for women <21 years old or who have undergone total hysterectomy for noncancer reasons Age 21–29: cervical cytology alone every 3 years Age 30–65: cervical cytology alone every 3 years, HPV testing alone every 5 years; HPV + cervical cytology every 5 years No screening <21 years old, hysterectomy without cervix, no history of CIN 2, CIN 3, or HPV

33
Q
  1. About the use of Stem Cell Transplantation for cancer treatment, which one is false?
A

all true
-Used to manage life-threatening disorders in which patient’s bone marrow cannot manufacture white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets
-Used in malignant and nonmalignant disorders
-Provides a method to restore bone marrow function after high-dose irradiation or chemotherapy
-Need donor
 Tissue-matched individual to patient: allogeneic
 An identical twin: syngeneic
 Patient’s own stem cells: autologous

33
Q
  1. Which is false about Small Cell−Manufactured Peptides?
A

all true
Secrete into extracellular space
Diffuse to nearby cells
Interact with receptors on target cell surface
Activate signaling cascade; can produce autocrine signaling (excessive self-stimulated growth)

33
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT abnormal behavior of cancer cells?
A

all true
Cancer cells proliferate despite lack of growth-initiating signals from the environment.
Cancer cells escape apoptotic signals and achieve a kind of immortality in that they are capable of unlimited replication.
Cancer cells lose their differentiated features and contribute poorly or not at all to the function of their tissue.
Cancer cells are genetically unstable and evolve by accumulating new mutations at a much faster rate than normal cells.
Cancer cells invade their local tissue and overrun their neighbors (invasion) and spread to distant locations (metastasis).
Cancer cells develop proangiogenic signaling abilities, stimulating the growth of their own vascular supply.
Cancer cells develop reprogrammed energy metabolism, preferentially using glucose as fuel via aerobic glycolysis, giving these cells survival advantage over their normal cell neighbors.
Cancer cells often develop the ability to evade immune surveillance and destruction.

33
Q
  1. What is true about Partial carcinogens?
A

Promoters that stimulate growth
Incapable of causing genetic mutations sufficient to singly initiate cancer

33
Q
  1. Which is NOT a warning sign of cancer?
A

all true
BOX 7.2 Cancer’s Seven Warning Signs Change in bowel or bladder habits. A sore that does not heal. Unusual bleeding or discharge. Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing. Obvious change in wart or mole. Nagging cough or hoarseness. BOX 7.3 Cancer’s Warning Signs in Children Continued, unexplained weight loss. Headaches with vomiting in the morning. Increased swelling or persistent pain in bones or joints. Lump or mass in abdomen, neck, or elsewhere. Development of whitish appearance in pupil of the eye. Recurrent fevers not caused by infections. Excessive bleeding or bruising. Noticeable paleness or prolonged tiredness.

34
Q
  1. Characteristics of telomerase include (Select all that apply.)
A

Promoting synthesis of telomere ends.
Contributing to cancer cell immortality.
Activity allowing a cell to replicate indefinitely.

35
Q
  1. The ________ is the time during which the first signs and/or symptoms appear indicating the onset of the disease.
A

Prodromal Period

36
Q
  1. A malignant tumor of the smooth muscle is called___________
A

Leiomyosarcoma; LMS

37
Q
  1. Children exposed to physical and/or psychosocial maltreatment have shown all of the following, except, select all that apply
A

all true
(from the book: Children exposed to physical and/or psychosocial maltreatment have been shown to have smaller cortices in the prefrontal region of the brain, reduced hippocampal volume, altered cortisol levels, and elevated levels of inflammation in comparison with other children.)

38
Q
  1. Which is NOT a general cause for atrophy?
A

all true
-Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious factors.
-General causes
Disuse
Denervation
Ischemia
Nutrient starvation
Interruption of endocrine signals
cell injury
-Biochemical pathways
Ubiquitin-proteosome system
Lysosomes

39
Q
  1. Which is false about Proto-oncogenes?
A

(true: proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes that promote growth)

40
Q
  1. Which is false about Gene and Molecular Therapy?
A

all true
May have high therapeutic potential
May be used to suppress overactive oncogenes
May replenish missing tumor suppressor function
Current uses
 Genetic alteration of tumor cells to make them more susceptible to cytotoxic agents or immune recognition
 Genetic alteration of immune cells to make them more efficient killers of tumor cells
Can be directed at cells other than cancer cells
 Enhance the host’s immune system against the cancer
 Target the cytoplasmic signaling pathways

41
Q
  1. Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to (Select all that apply.)
A

cardiovascular disease
Depression
impaired cognitive function
autoimmune disease

42
Q
  1. The ________ is the increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number because of mitotic division.
A

Hyperplasia

43
Q
  1. As a result of the nutritional deficiency of ____________trace element can provoke the Cardiomyopathy known as Keshan disease.
A

Selenium

44
Q
  1. Which is false about Liquefactive necrosis?
A

all true
Occurs with dissolution of dead cells
Liquefication of lysosomal enzymes
Formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue

45
Q
  1. After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor
A

is malignant

46
Q
  1. Deficits in immune system function occur in cancer due to (Select all that apply.)
A

Chemotherapy
Cancer Cells
Cancer Metastasis to bone marrow
Malnutrition

47
Q
  1. Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is
A

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

48
Q
  1. Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they (Select all that apply.)
A

Enter the host cell
Use the host’s metabolic processes to survive and replicate
Do not produce toxins

Nursing School WCU (36 decks)

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