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Nursing School WCU > midterm review physiology > Flashcards

midterm review physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Which one is false about Factors affecting diffusion rate through a membrane?

A

Diffusion rate depends on temperature, membrane surface area, concentration gradient, membrane permeability, and molecular size. The false statement would be any that contradicts these factors.

Conductivity

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2
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the Sodium-Potassium Pump?

A

Maintains resting potential, regulates cell volume, heat production, secondary active transport. A function not attributed to it would be a false choice.

All the above are correct.

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3
Q

This kind of Membrane Carriers carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions.

A

Antiport

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4
Q

The Transport proteins differ from membrane enzymes because carriers do not chemically change their ligand.

A

True.

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5
Q

For a substance to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cells, needs to have all of the following characteristics, except;

A

Substances need to be small, nonpolar, or lipophilic. A characteristic like being large and polar would be an exception.

Polar

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6
Q

Which are used to keep our systems at or near their setpoints?

A

Negative feedback mechanisms are primarily used to maintain homeostasis.

Negative feedback loop.

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7
Q

Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. This causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback does oxytocin trigger?

A

Positive feedback

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8
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the watery internal environment that surrounds the cells.

A

True

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9
Q

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to_____________.

A

Quickly restore changed conditions to normal.

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10
Q

This ___________ studies match groups of people who all have a particular disease to a similar but healthy control group. The goal of these studies is to determine whether the development of the disease can be associated with a particular variable.

A

retrospective studies

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11
Q

A(n) ________ is any molecule or ion that binds to a receptor protein.

A

Ligand.

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12
Q

Which statement about mitochondria is FALSE?

A

Any statement that contradicts their role in ATP production, having their own DNA, or being involved in cellular respiration could be false.

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13
Q

Membrane Proteins Have the following Major Functions, except;

A

maintenance of membrane fluidity.

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14
Q

The myelinated fiber has voltage-regulated ion gates along its entire length

A

False.

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15
Q

Which is NOT a characteristic of Local Potentials?

A
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16
Q

All of the following are examples of stimulus for chemoreceptors, except;

A
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17
Q

____________ is decreased perception through inhibitory modulation.

A

Analgesia

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18
Q

The ___ ________is not a motor cranial nerve.

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

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19
Q

This is the largest of the cranial nerves and the most important sensory nerve of the face

A

Trigeminal nerve

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20
Q

The Secondary sensory neurons are Interneurons in the PNS that make synapse with tertiary sensory neurons in the thalamus. T/F

A

False.

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21
Q

Loudness is an interpretation of intensity, a function of wave amplitude (height).T/F

A

True.

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22
Q

The gate control theory of pain modulation states that pain transmission can be blocked by ????

A

Mechanical stimulation of alpha beta fibers.

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23
Q

When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time, their effects are additive and temporal summation occurs. T/F

A

True

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24
Q

The Cochlea transforms sound waves into electrical signals T/F

A

True

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25
Q

When we have conductive hearing loss, means____________________.

A

No transmission through either external or middle ear.

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26
Q

A single action potential results in the release of a constant amount of neurotransmitter…T/F

A

True

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27
Q

Which one is false about endocrine glands?

A
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28
Q

The Adrenocorticotrophic hormone targets the________?

A

The adrenal cortex.

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29
Q

These are all hypothalamic hormones except

A

Any hormone not produced by the hypothalamus. For example, insulin or thyroxine.

LH

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30
Q

Aldosterone stimulates K+ retention and Na+ excretion, and water is retained with sodium by osmosis, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained.

A

False

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31
Q

Which one is false about glucocorticoids?

A
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32
Q

The ___ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulate the development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).

A

The thymus.

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33
Q

The _________ is not a steroid hormone.

A

Insulin

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34
Q

These statements about diabetes mellitus (DM) are correct except

A

both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.

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35
Q

Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

A

True

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36
Q

Which one is false about glucagon?

A
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37
Q

All is correct about Calcitriol, except;

A
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38
Q

This hormone controls hormone synthesis and secretion in the thyroid.

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

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39
Q

Which of the following is hypothalamic-inhibiting hormone?

A
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40
Q

The Long-loop negative feedback is the most dominant feedback mechanism in the endocrine system.

A

True

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41
Q

Direct calorimetry estimates metabolic rate as a measure of energy expenditure.

A

True

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42
Q

The excess cholesterol secreted in ___________.

A

Bile but excreted by the liver.

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43
Q

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,……………..

A

a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

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44
Q

Which statement about peptide hormones is FALSE?

A

Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins.

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45
Q

Which hormone is NOT an amino acid derivative

A

testosterone/thyroid-stimulating hormone

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46
Q

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is????

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

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47
Q

In type I diabetes, a hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state may occur. Which best describes this state?

A

Plasma glucose and blood osmolarity levels are above normal.

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48
Q

Nearly half of heat is lost from the body through the process of_______________.

A

Radiation.

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49
Q

Prediabetes is a condition that will likely become diabetes if eating and exercise habits are not altered. T/F

A

True

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50
Q

Free radicals are unstable molecules that are formed during normal metabolism and are thought to contribute to aging, disease, and some cancers. T/F

A

True

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51
Q

The combination of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure is called ?????

A

Metabolic Syndrome.

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52
Q

The Atkins and South Beach diets are considered ketogenic because WHAT?

A

These diets are considered ketogenic because they are low in carbohydrates, leading to a state of ketosis where the body burns fat for energy instead of glucose.

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53
Q

When blood levels of glucose, amino acids, and insulin are high, and glycogenesis is occurring in the liver, the body is in the__________.

A

The absorptive state, also known as the fed state.

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54
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty could result in_____________.

A

Gigantism,

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55
Q

The thyroid hormones T3 and T4 do not use transporters to cross cell membranes.

A

False

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56
Q

. All of the following can be found in plasma, except;

A

components complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases

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57
Q

If the osmolarity of blood is too low, too much water stays in the tissue, increasing blood pressure and edema occurs. T/F

A

False

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58
Q

The ____________ is the percentage of whole blood volume composed of red blood cells,

A

Hematocrit.

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59
Q

The __________ is an uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production.

A

Leukemia, a type of blood cancer involving the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells (lymphocytes or monocytes).

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60
Q

Which is not a function of the Platelets?

A

Any function unrelated to clotting, such as oxygen transport or immune defense, would not be a function of platelets.

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61
Q

The ___________resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles

A

Viscosity

62
Q

In the spleen, macrophages take the old RBC digest membrane bit by bit, and separate heme from globin. Then the heme pigment is converted to ___________.

A

bilirubin.

63
Q

The _____________in cytoplasm produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water and plays an important role in gas transport and pH balance.

A

Carbonic anhydrase.

64
Q

The _____________ binds Fe2+ and transports it to the small intestine.

A

Gastroferritin

65
Q

The copper is transported in the blood by an alpha globulin called ceruloplasmin.

A

True

66
Q

The __________ are antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch.

A

Agglutinins.

67
Q

Plasma is mostly_____________.

A

Water. Plasma is mostly water (about 90-92%)

68
Q

Mast cells in tissues are a type of__________.

A

basophil.

69
Q

Monocytes leave the circulation to go to the tissues, where they are called_______________

A

Macrophages.

70
Q

The percentage of cells in the marrow that become white blood cells is about ________%.

A

75%.

71
Q

Colony-stimulating factors are cytokines made by_______________.

A

endothelial cells, fibroblasts from bone marrow, and white blood cells.

72
Q

The ________ are a group of diseases characterized by the abnormal growth and development of white blood cells, and ________ are diseases where patients have too few white blood cells.

A

Leukemias; Neutropenias

73
Q

________ regulates the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes.

A

Thrombopoietin

74
Q

Thrombopoietin is produced in the

A

Liver and kidney.

75
Q

A unique aspect of hematopoiesis is that__________________________________

A

white blood cell development varies with the specific needs of the body.

76
Q

The average life span of a red blood cell is__________________________________.

A

120 days or 4 months.

77
Q

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of ______________

A

4 protein chains and 4 heme groups

78
Q

A hematocrit is used to indicate______________________________________________________.

A

the percentage of red blood cells in your blood.

79
Q

The Red blood cell production increases when_______________________________.

A

oxygen levels in the blood decrease & erythropoietin levels increase.

80
Q

Excess iron in the body is________________________________.

A

eliminated in the feces./ Hemochromatosis or iron overload. Stored in the liver

81
Q

The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is__________________

A

Transferrin

82
Q

The term used for a cytokine that is released by one white blood cell that acts on another is interleukin.

A

True.

83
Q

The condition where the skin and the whites of the eyes appear slightly yellow is due to high blood levels of the substance __________.

A

Jaundice.

84
Q

Plasminogen is activated by an enzyme called tissue plasminogen activator.

A

True

85
Q

In hemostasis, vasoconstriction is rapidly followed by mechanical blockage of the hole by a ____________.

A

A platelet plug.

86
Q

A good one for those in the NICU. The usual treatment for neonatal jaundice is exposing the infant to certain wavelengths of light. The infant wears only a diaper and undergoes light treatment continuously for several days, even at night. Why can the infant’s treatment then be discontinued?

A

Because the transition between fetal hemoglobin to adult is complete.

87
Q

How would a decrease in the concentration of iron in the blood affect the process of hemostasis?

A

There would be no effect.

88
Q

People with hemophilia A fail to produce a functional factor VIII; as a result,____________________.

A

they do not have a functional intrinsic pathway.

89
Q

My invisible friend suffers (he began drinking when he saw the first result of an open-book quiz) from a severe liver disease. Which symptoms would you expect to see as a result of this condition?

A

decreased blood osmotic pressure,increased levels of bilirubin in the blood, decreased clotting ability, accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces of the extremities.

90
Q

Meghan thinks she has an abscessed tooth (a bacterial infection). If she does, which type of white blood cell would you expect to see in elevated numbers in a differential count?

A

Neutrophils

91
Q

The two mechanisms and the factors involved limit the extent of blood clotting within a vessel are; the inhibition of platelet adhesion with prostacyclin and the inhibition of coagulation cascade with plasminogen and plasmin and anticoagulants.

A

True

92
Q

Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?

A

regulation of water balance

93
Q

The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following?

A

Lungs

94
Q

Alveolar ventilation refers to the____________???

A

movement of air into and out of the alveoli

95
Q

Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them.
1. secondary bronchi
2. bronchioles
3. primary bronchi
4. alveoli
5. terminal bronchioles

A

Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Alveoli

3,1,2,5,4

96
Q

The lungs are surrounded by ____WHAT____ membranes.

A

The pleural membranes.

97
Q

The pressure and volume of gas in a container are related to temperature and number of gas molecules. This is known as ________ law.

A

The Ideal Gas Law.

98
Q

Type II alveolar cells:…DESCRIPTION??

A

Secrete a chemical known as surfactant

99
Q

Which feature of the alveoli allows for the ease of diffusion of gases?

A

They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium.

100
Q

Dalton’s law states that_____WHAT?

A

in a mixture of gases like air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

101
Q

Air moves into the lungs because……WHY?

A

the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration.

102
Q

When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs.

A

False

103
Q

An increase in PCO2 would cause the bronchioles to_____________________________.

A

dilate and the systemic arterioles to dilate.

104
Q

Chronic inhalation of fine particles that reach the alveoli leads to ________ lung disease.

A

Fibrotic

105
Q

Histamine’s primary role in the respiratory system is as a

A

bronchoconstriction

106
Q

The ease with which the lungs stretch in response to changes in pressure is termed compliance.

A

True

107
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of the living organisms?

A

care for their offspring

108
Q

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant.T/F

A

False

109
Q

In the disease emphysema, many symptoms are due to the destruction of elastic fibers in the lung. T/F

A

True

110
Q

Enzymes increase the activation energy of reactions. T/F

A

False

111
Q

Ongoing diseases in which airflow during expiration is diminished are known as ________.

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).

112
Q

The volume of air moved in a single respiration is called the ________.

A

Tidal volume.

113
Q

Which of the following enzymes is NOT part of the transfer chemical group reactions?

A
114
Q

The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases is known as partial pressure.

A

True

115
Q

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of________

A

Due to thick and sticky mucus clogging the airways.

thick secretions that exceed the ability of the respiratory tract to remove them.

116
Q

Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called ________ because it ensures that a person can increase overall volume.

A

hyperpnea

117
Q

In a condition known as pleurisy, there is excess fluid in the pleural space. How would you expect this to affect the process of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing would be labored and difficult..

118
Q

Means rapid breathing.

A

Tachypnea.

119
Q

This kind of neuron has a single process called the axon. During development the dendrite fused with the axon_______?????

A

Pseudounipolar neuron.

120
Q

The first amino acid in the formation of a protein is Methionine and is codified by the codon GUA. T/F

A

False

121
Q

When we observe Bronchioles and systemic arteries constrict, then PCO2 decreases. T/F

A

True

122
Q

Which body fluid compartment contains higher levels of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-?

A

plasma and interstitial fluid.

123
Q

Which is NOT a type of mediated transport?

A

Simple diffusion

124
Q

A synapse is the region where a dendrite terminal meets its target cell. T/F

A

True

125
Q

This __________ equation predicts the membrane potential that a single ion would produce if the membrane were permeable to only that ion

A

The Nernst equation

126
Q

The Cells can regulate their Metabolic Pathways with all of the following, except; From POWER POINT

A
127
Q

The action of a hormone on a target cell involves effects on________????

A

receptor and non receptor proteins.

128
Q

All of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland play a major role in growth and metabolism. T/F

A

False

129
Q

One glucose molecule can yield 30-32 ATP in Anaerobic metabolism. T/F

A

False

130
Q

Which could describe the function of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase?

A

It converts cortisone into the active hormone cortisol.

131
Q

Cushing’s disease may result from a pituitary tumor.T/F

A

True

132
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in___________________________.

A

In the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord or the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves.

133
Q

Which of these functions is NOT related to the reticular formation?

A

menstrual cycle

134
Q

Which statement about the hypothalamus is FALSE?

A

It receives sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord.

135
Q

The brain’s integration of sensory stimuli is called___________________

A

perception

136
Q

Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain.

A

Typically, the left side of the brain.

137
Q

The Action Potential occurs usually dendrites and cell body T/F

A

False

138
Q

An important structure in both learning and memory is the_________________________.

A

The hippocampus.

139
Q

Reflexive memories are stored in areas of the______

A

Cerebellum.

140
Q

The ascending tracts carry mostly efferent signals from the brain. T/F

A

False

141
Q

This disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, resulting in tremors in limbs, slowness in beginning and completing movements, and other abnormalities of muscle control.

A

Parkinson’s disease.

142
Q

The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is equal to the number of mitochondria in adipose (fat) cells.T/F

A

False

143
Q

Hormones are not typically considered to be cytokines because hormones are ________ like cytokines.

A

synthesized in advance and stored, not

144
Q

In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the___________________________________.

A

sensor and the integrating center_.

145
Q

The Introns are noncoding segments of genes..T/F

A

True

146
Q

The Graded potentials lose strength as they move through the cell due to the current leak and cytoplasmic resistance. T/F

A

True

147
Q

Hypokalemia moves neurons closer to the threshold. T/F

A

False

148
Q

Which one is false about Electrical synapses?

A

Neurotransmitters can move from one cell to another through gap junctions at an electrical synapse

149
Q

The following are neurotransmitter releases in the Classical model pathway, except;

A
150
Q

The secondary pathologies arise in the last endocrine gland in a complex reflex pathway.

A

False

151
Q

The most important polar molecule is ________ because it is a universal solvent in biological solutions.

A

Water, because of its role as a universal solvent.

152
Q

In lipids, unsaturated refers to____________

A

the presence of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid.

Nursing School WCU (36 decks)

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