midterm review physiology Flashcards
Which one is false about Factors affecting diffusion rate through a membrane?
Diffusion rate depends on temperature, membrane surface area, concentration gradient, membrane permeability, and molecular size. The false statement would be any that contradicts these factors.
Conductivity
Which of the following is not a function of the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
Maintains resting potential, regulates cell volume, heat production, secondary active transport. A function not attributed to it would be a false choice.
All the above are correct.
This kind of Membrane Carriers carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions.
Antiport
The Transport proteins differ from membrane enzymes because carriers do not chemically change their ligand.
True.
For a substance to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cells, needs to have all of the following characteristics, except;
Substances need to be small, nonpolar, or lipophilic. A characteristic like being large and polar would be an exception.
Polar
Which are used to keep our systems at or near their setpoints?
Negative feedback mechanisms are primarily used to maintain homeostasis.
Negative feedback loop.
Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. This causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback does oxytocin trigger?
Positive feedback
Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the watery internal environment that surrounds the cells.
True
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to_____________.
Quickly restore changed conditions to normal.
This ___________ studies match groups of people who all have a particular disease to a similar but healthy control group. The goal of these studies is to determine whether the development of the disease can be associated with a particular variable.
retrospective studies
A(n) ________ is any molecule or ion that binds to a receptor protein.
Ligand.
Which statement about mitochondria is FALSE?
Any statement that contradicts their role in ATP production, having their own DNA, or being involved in cellular respiration could be false.
Membrane Proteins Have the following Major Functions, except;
maintenance of membrane fluidity.
The myelinated fiber has voltage-regulated ion gates along its entire length
False.
Which is NOT a characteristic of Local Potentials?
All of the following are examples of stimulus for chemoreceptors, except;
____________ is decreased perception through inhibitory modulation.
Analgesia
The ___ ________is not a motor cranial nerve.
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
This is the largest of the cranial nerves and the most important sensory nerve of the face
Trigeminal nerve
The Secondary sensory neurons are Interneurons in the PNS that make synapse with tertiary sensory neurons in the thalamus. T/F
False.
Loudness is an interpretation of intensity, a function of wave amplitude (height).T/F
True.
The gate control theory of pain modulation states that pain transmission can be blocked by ????
Mechanical stimulation of alpha beta fibers.
When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time, their effects are additive and temporal summation occurs. T/F
True
The Cochlea transforms sound waves into electrical signals T/F
True
When we have conductive hearing loss, means____________________.
No transmission through either external or middle ear.
A single action potential results in the release of a constant amount of neurotransmitter…T/F
True
Which one is false about endocrine glands?
The Adrenocorticotrophic hormone targets the________?
The adrenal cortex.
These are all hypothalamic hormones except
Any hormone not produced by the hypothalamus. For example, insulin or thyroxine.
LH
Aldosterone stimulates K+ retention and Na+ excretion, and water is retained with sodium by osmosis, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained.
False
Which one is false about glucocorticoids?
The ___ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulate the development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).
The thymus.
The _________ is not a steroid hormone.
Insulin
These statements about diabetes mellitus (DM) are correct except
both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.
Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
True
Which one is false about glucagon?
All is correct about Calcitriol, except;
This hormone controls hormone synthesis and secretion in the thyroid.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
Which of the following is hypothalamic-inhibiting hormone?
The Long-loop negative feedback is the most dominant feedback mechanism in the endocrine system.
True
Direct calorimetry estimates metabolic rate as a measure of energy expenditure.
True
The excess cholesterol secreted in ___________.
Bile but excreted by the liver.
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,……………..
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
Which statement about peptide hormones is FALSE?
Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins.
Which hormone is NOT an amino acid derivative
testosterone/thyroid-stimulating hormone
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is????
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
In type I diabetes, a hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state may occur. Which best describes this state?
Plasma glucose and blood osmolarity levels are above normal.
Nearly half of heat is lost from the body through the process of_______________.
Radiation.
Prediabetes is a condition that will likely become diabetes if eating and exercise habits are not altered. T/F
True
Free radicals are unstable molecules that are formed during normal metabolism and are thought to contribute to aging, disease, and some cancers. T/F
True
The combination of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure is called ?????
Metabolic Syndrome.
The Atkins and South Beach diets are considered ketogenic because WHAT?
These diets are considered ketogenic because they are low in carbohydrates, leading to a state of ketosis where the body burns fat for energy instead of glucose.
When blood levels of glucose, amino acids, and insulin are high, and glycogenesis is occurring in the liver, the body is in the__________.
The absorptive state, also known as the fed state.
Hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty could result in_____________.
Gigantism,
The thyroid hormones T3 and T4 do not use transporters to cross cell membranes.
False
. All of the following can be found in plasma, except;
components complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases
If the osmolarity of blood is too low, too much water stays in the tissue, increasing blood pressure and edema occurs. T/F
False
The ____________ is the percentage of whole blood volume composed of red blood cells,
Hematocrit.
The __________ is an uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production.
Leukemia, a type of blood cancer involving the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells (lymphocytes or monocytes).
Which is not a function of the Platelets?
Any function unrelated to clotting, such as oxygen transport or immune defense, would not be a function of platelets.
