Fundamentals Terms to Know Flashcards
_________ is a measurement of the amount of pressure exerted by the blood within the circulatory system.
Blood pressure
____________ pressure is the maximum amount of pressure exerted when the heart contracts and forces blood into the aorta; this phase of the heart’s pumping is called __________.
Systolic blood, systole
_________ pressure is the minimum amount of pressure exerted when the heart is relaxed—that is, during _______.
Diastolic blood, diastole
The volume of blood ejected by the heart ventricles in one minute; calculated by multiplying the stroke volume and pulse rate of the heart.
Cardiac output (CO)
Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during one contraction
Stroke volume (SV)
The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers of the heart fill with blood.
diastole
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle. During this phase blood is driven into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
systole
A measurement of the force circulating blood exerts on the interior walls of blood vessels.
Blood pressure
The resistance of a liquid to flow.
viscosity
________ refers to the thickness of the blood
Blood viscosity
The total resistance to flow of blood in the vascular bed.
Peripheral vascular resistance
The force required to eject blood from the left ventricle.
Contractility
The blood remaining in the left ventricle at the end of diastole causing it to stretch.
Preload
_________ refers to the amount of blood inside the ventricles before they contract.
Preload
__________ is the amount of resistance, or constriction, that the heart must overcome to eject the blood into the systemic circulation.
Afterload
________ is a blood pressure that is above the expected reference range.
Hypertension
A blood pressure that is below the expected reference range as determined by a client’s usual baseline measurement is known as _______.
hypotension
________ is a drop in blood pressure that occurs when a client rises to a sitting or standing position
Orthostatic hypotension
The _______ is the rhythmic dilation of the arteries and pulsation of blood flow that occurs with each contraction of the left ventricle.
pulse
Heart rate above the expected reference range.
tachycardia.
A heart rate that is less than the expected reference range.
bradycardia.
The heart rate that is heard or felt at the apex of the heart, which is located medially to the midclavicular line at the fifth intercostal space.
apical pulse
Beating or throbbing palpated over the temporal artery located on the temple.
temporal pulse
Beating or throbbing felt over the brachial artery, usually palpated in the antecubital space; it is used to assess the quality of perfusion.
brachial pulse
Beating of throbbing felt over the radial artery, usually palpated over the groove along the thumb side of the inner wrist.
radial pulse
Beating or throbbing palpated over the femoral artery, located in the groin on either side of the genitals; it is used to assess the quality of perfusion.
femoral pulse
Beating of throbbing palpated over the popliteal artery located behind the knee; it is used to assess the quality of perfusion.
popliteal pulse
Beating or throbbing palpated or heard with a doppler over the dorsalis pedis artery located on the dorsal side of the foot; it is used to assess quality of perfusion.
dorsalis pedis pulse
Beating or throbbing palpated or heard with a doppler over the posterior tibial artery, located on the medial side of the ankle; it is used to assess the quality of perfusion.
posterior tibial pulse
A difference between the apical and radial pulse rates. This difference indicates a decrease in ventricular contraction or peripheral perfusion.
pulse deficit
Another aberration in body temperature is _________, which is an increase in temperature due to the body’s inability to stop heat production or to stimulate heat loss.
hyperthermia
________ is the measurement of the balance of heat produced by the body and the heat lost to the environment; it is measured in degrees.
Body temperature
_______ is a decrease in core body temperature due to extended exposure to cold or the inability of the body to produce heat.
Hypothermia
A ________ is a type of electronic thermometer that measures the amount of heat radiating from the tympanic membrane.
tympanic thermometer
A _________ is another type of electronic thermometer. This handheld device contains an infrared sensor tip that measures the temperature of blood flow through the temporal artery.
temporal thermometer
When measuring an ________ ______, the nurse should first apply a disposable cover on the temperature probe.
oral temperature
Body temperature obtained in the axilla with arm held to side of body.
axillary temperature
Body temperature obtained via the rectum, or anus.
rectal temperature
Body temperature obtained via the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
tympanic temperature
Body temperature obtained via a temporal artery scan thermometer.
temporal temperature
Respiratory rate and rhythm that are within the expected reference range.
eupnea.
Respiratory rate greater than expected range.
Tachypnea
Respiratory rate less than expected range.
Bradypnea
Absence of spontaneous respirations.
apnea
Breathing pattern of cycles that begin with rapid, shallow breaths, increase to deep breaths, ending with periods of apnea.
Cheyne-Stokes
Deep, rapid respirations.
Kussmaul respirations
The percentage of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen.
oxygen saturation
A noninvasive device used to measure oxygen saturation.
pulse oximeter
The sensation of difficult or labored breathing.
dyspnea
How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne.
chain of infection
Below normal level of oxygen in body tissue.
hypoxia
Something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite, prion.
infectious agent
Is the habitat of the infectious agent, a location where it can live, grow, and reproduce itself or replicate.
reservoir
Means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir.
portal of exit
How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne.
modes of transmission
Any body orifice–for example, ears, nose, mouth, or skin–that provides a place for an infectious agent to replicate or for a toxin to act.
portal of entry
Required for the infectious agent to take hold and become a reservoir for infection. Not everyone who is exposed to an infectious agent will get ill. Some people never exhibit manifestations at all but can become colonized (temporarily or permanently) with the infectious agent.
susceptible host
virulent
Term to describe how efficient an infectious agent is at making people ill.
virulent
Factors That Increase Host Susceptibility
Age
Underlying diseaseHIV/AIDS
Malignancy
Transplants
Medications: immunosuppressants, antirejection medications, antineoplastics, antimicrobials, corticosteroids, gastric suppressants (e.g., proton pump inhibitors)
Surgical procedures
Radiation therapy
Indwelling devices: endotracheal tubes, urinary catheters, central venous catheters, arterial catheters, and implants such as pacemakers and artificial joints
Occurs when micro-organisms are directly moved from an infected person to another person, rather than through a contaminated object or person.
direct contact transmission
Occurs when droplets from the respiratory tract of a client travel through the air and into the mucosa of a host (ex. nurse, other client, healthcare worker).
droplet transmission
Occurs when microorganisms are directly moved from the infected person to another person with having a contaminated object or person between these two.
indirect contact transmission
Specially designed equipment that is meant to protect the health care worker from contamination, blood, or body fluids. This equipment may include masks, eye protection, gown, gloves, and hair caps. Equipment that should be put on (donned) prior to client interactions to prevent the spread of infectious organisms; can include gloves, gowns, masks, eye and face protection, and shoe covers.
personal protective equipment (PPE)
Occurs when small particulates move into the airspace of another person.
airborne transmission
Transmission of infectious agents to various individuals through a common source, such as contaminated food or water.
vehicle transmission
Transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an insect or rodent.
vector-borne transmission
Comprised of neutrophils and macrophages and their work as phagocytes.
Nonspecific immunity
Eat and destroy micro-organisms, thereby helping to protect the body from harm.
Phagocytes
The work of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes.
Specific immunity
Natural defense of the body when injured, when foreign substances are present or when infectious agents attack.
inflammatory response
The basic steps of inflammation are:
Recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern receptors (located on the surface of cells)
Activation of the inflammatory pathway
Release of inflammatory markers
Recruitment of inflammatory cells
Stage of infection when client begins having initial manifestations as the infectious agent replicates.
prodromal
First stage of infection in which the client may not feel ill or have visible manifestations, however there may be lab values that are changes or changes in diagnostic tests such as x-rays or CT scans.
incubation
Third stage of infection where manifestations of a specific infectious disease process are obvious. This is also the stage where it is severe.
acute illness,
Fourth stage of infection when manifestations begin to wane as the number of infectious disease decreases.
period of decline
Fifth and last stage of infection when client returns to a normal or a new normal state of health.
period of convalescence
Are confined to one area of the body.
Local infections
Start as local infections and then transmit into the bloodstream to infect the entire body system.
Systemic infections
Washing your hands with antibacterial soap and water, using alcohol-based gel or foam, or surgical scrub.
Hand hygiene
Clean technique practices that the reduce the presence of disease-causing micro-organisms on surfaces.
Medical asepsis
Includes techniques that ensures the sterility of items that will come in contact with the client, through use of equipment such as sterile gloves, in order to prevent pathogen transfer to the client.
surgical asepsis
Cleaning instruments so that all micro-organisms, including bacterial spores are eradicated.
Sterilization
Created to assure that the smallest number of microorganisms possible are present; used for procedures where surgical asepsis is indicated.
Sterile fields
