patho week 1 Flashcards
Metaplasia is
the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.
liquefactive
The primary effect of aging on all body systems is
decreased functional reserve.
Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including
Burkitt lymphoma.
The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is
dysplasia.
In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive.
False
Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is
calcium.
Cancer grading is based on
cell differentiation.
The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is
intracellular accumulations.
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as
carcinomas.
The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
P53.
Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?
Mutant tumor-suppressor gene
The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of
tumor necrosis factor.
Carbon monoxide injures cells by
reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.
Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?
It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.
After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor
is malignant.
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will
kill rapidly dividing cells.
Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is
deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.
Proto-oncogenes
are normal cellular genes that promote growth.
Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is
cigarette smoking.
The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.
True
All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
aldosterone.
Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except
allostasis.
A disease that is native to a particular region is called
endemic.
A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.
latent
Coagulative necrosis is caused by
interrupted blood supply.
Reperfusion injury to cells
involves formation of free radicals.
After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of
tertiary prevention.
The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is
energy and repair.
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
hypertrophy.
Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
death.
An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of
secondary prevention.
Somatic death refers to death
of the entire organism.
Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in
permanent damage and death.
All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except
necrosis.
Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except
decreased blood viscosity.
Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by
norepinephrine.
Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?
Insulin
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of
secondary prevention.
In general, with aging, organ size and function
decrease.
