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Nursing School WCU > patho review > Flashcards

patho review Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease because of
A

Hyperparathyroidism.

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2
Q
  1. Which of the following categories doesn’t belong to the intrarenal disorders?
A

Belongs to Intrarenal Disorders:
* Congenital
* Neoplastic
* Infectious
* Obstructive
* Glomerular

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3
Q
  1. This test identifies gross abnormalities related to size, position, and shape (may show renal calculi).
A

KUB Xray ( Kidney, ureter and bladder)

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4
Q
  1. Which is incorrect about autosomal recessive forms of cystic kidney disease?
A

Cystic kidney diseases
Autosomal recessive forms
Ø Evident at birth
Ø Kidneys enlarged
Ø Respiratory distress or palpable kidneys on physical examination
Ø Severe systemic hypertension
Ø Liver problems
Ø Diagnosis: inheritance pattern with liver biopsy

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5
Q
  1. Which is false about Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumor)?
A

Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumor)
* Most common kidney cancer in children
* Clinical manifestations: identified by palpable abdominal mass; may also have abdominal pain, hypertension, and/or hematuria
* Treatment: nephrectomy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy
* Excellent cure rate

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6
Q
  1. The following are normal protective mechanisms against infection in the Urinary tract, except.
A

Normal protective mechanisms against infection
Ø Acidic pH
Ø Presence of urea in the urine
Ø Men: bacteriostatic prostatic secretions
Ø Women: glands in the distal urethra secrete mucus
Ø Micturition: wash out pathogens
Ø Unidirectional urine flow, prevents reflux

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7
Q
  1. Which is incorrect about Acute pyelonephritis?
A

Acute pyelonephritis
* Infection of renal pelvis/parenchyma usually from ascending UTI
* Major risk factor: pregnancy
* Clinical manifestations: CVA tenderness (classic sign) accompanied by fever, chills, N/V, anorexia, which increases fever-induced dehydration
* Urosepsis: organisms in the bloodstream originating from a UTI
* Diagnosis: presence of WBC casts indicative of upper UTI
* Treatment: promptly managed with antimicrobials to avoid decreased renal function

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8
Q
  1. Which is incorrect about the consequences of complete obstruction in the Kidney?
A

Consequences:
Ø Hydronephrosis
Ø Decreased GFR
Ø Ischemic kidney damage because of increased intraluminal pressure
Ø Acute tubular necrosis (intrarenal acute renal failure)
Ø Chronic kidney disease

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9
Q
  1. Which is false about IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)
A

TRUE:
Ø Most commonly diagnosed
Ø Common in adults
Ø Upper respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infections
Ø Hematuria presents in 1 to 2 days
Ø Prognosis: variable, may progress to end-stage renal disease

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10
Q
  1. Which is false about Chronic glomerulonephritis?
A

TRUE:
* Assumes a progressive course ultimately developing into end-stage renal disease
o Sclerosis and fibrosis of kidney
* Present with persistent proteinuria, with or without hematuria, and slowly declining renal function
* Dialysis or kidney transplantation necessary

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11
Q
  1. Which is false about Nephrotic syndrome?
A
  • Occurs because of increased glomerular permeability to proteins
  • Urinary loss of 3 to 3.5 g of protein per day
  • Proteinuria leads to hypoalbuminemia and generalized edema; decreased blood colloid oncotic pressure.
  • Increase in liver activity can cause hyperlipidemia and hypercoagulability.
  • Most common finding: edema
  • Treatment: conservative symptom management
  • Lipid-lowering agents
  • Steroids
  • Antihypertensives
  • Management of underlying process when identified
  • May resolve spontaneously, others progress to end-stage renal disease
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12
Q
  1. Which is false about Minimal change disease (MCD)?
A
  • Previously called lipoid nephrosis
  • Alteration in glomerular podocytes
  • Sudden onset of edema, nephrotic levels of protein loss, and hypoalbuminemia
  • Responds well to corticosteroids
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13
Q
  1. Concerning the Stages of chronic kidney disease, which is false?
A
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13
Q
  1. The most frequent initial symptom of bladder cancer is
A

Hematuria

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14
Q
  1. A ureterocele is
A

a cystic dilation of a ureter

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14
Q
  1. Urinary retention with consistent or intermittent dribbling of urine is called
A

Overflowing Incontinence

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14
Q
  1. A patient who has difficulty walking without assistance is incontinent of urine when help doesn’t get to her quickly enough. The term for this type of incontinence is
A

Functional

14
Q
  1. Which group is at the highest risk for urinary tract infection?
A

Active sexually woman

14
Q
  1. The difference between stress incontinence and urge incontinence is that stress incontinence
A

is caused by a pelvic floor muscle problem, whereas urge incontinence is caused by a problem with the detrusor muscle.

15
Q
  1. The direct cause of stress incontinence is
A

Pelvic Muscle Weakness

15
Q
  1. A patient has ureteral colic. The manifestation that requires immediate notification of the physician is
A

chills and fever.

15
Q
  1. The following are complications of Chronic Kidney Disease, except;
A

Complications:
* Hypertension and cardiovascular disease
* Uremic syndrome
* Metabolic acidosis
* Electrolyte imbalances
* Bone and mineral disorders
* Malnutrition
* Anemia
* Pain
* Depression

16
Q
  1. The normal post-void residual urine in the bladder is
A

less than 100 mL.

17
Q
  1. About the management of Malnutrition in Chronic kidney disease, which of the following is incorrect?
A

Ø Calories, vitamins, calcium increased
Ø Sufficient carbohydrate and fat to meet energy requirements
Ø Limit dietary phosphorus, protein, sodium, potassium, and water/fluids depending on laboratory values and other clinical manifestations
Ø Limit diet factors that could increase cardiovascular risk
Ø Involving a dietitian is crucial.

18
Q
  1. Which is incorrect about Peritoneal dyalisis?
A

Correct:
Ø Peritoneum serves as the dialyzing membrane
Ø Access: dialysis catheter surgically placed in abdomen
Ø Types: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
* CAPD: exchanges performed by patients in their homes and without machines; instills in abdomen
* CCPD: can also be done at home; uses a special machine (cycler); exchanges occur while sleeping

19
Q
  1. Absence of menstruation is called
A

Amenorrhea

20
Q
  1. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is due to
A

absent or diminished levels of progesterone.

21
Q
  1. It is true that fibrocystic breast disease
A

may be exacerbated by methylxanthines

22
Q
  1. A breast lump that is painless, hard, and unmoving is most likely
A

Carcinoma

23
Q
  1. The HPV vaccine is recommended for 11- to 12-year-old girls but can be administered to girls as young as _____ years of age.
A

9

24
Q
  1. The most common types of uterine tumors are known as
A

Leiomyomas (benign fibroid tumors)

25
Q
  1. About Transplantation related to chronic kidney disease, which is false?
A

TRUE:
Ø Potential option for patients with ESRD
Ø Associated with a high degree of success
Ø Allows for increased independence
Ø Return to normal activities of daily living
Ø Normal renal function
Ø Antirejection drug therapy required: immunosuppressants

26
Q
  1. Which is false about Chronic kidney disease in older adults?
A

TRUE:
* Majority of patients diagnosed with CKD are older adults.
* Rates of treated ESRD among the elderly (>80 years) have risen by more than 50% in the last decade.
* Dialysis for elderly is becoming worldwide.
* Comorbid conditions of this population require complex care.

27
Q
  1. Which is false about the diagnosis of Micropenis?
A

Ø Evaluate endocrine abnormalities
Ø Measure serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone
Ø Prader-Willi syndrome and Kallmann syndrome (hypothalamic-pituitary axis)
Ø Klinefelter syndrome (testicular disorder)

28
Q
  1. Which is false about the Urethral Valve Abnormalities?
A
  • Majority of abnormalities occur posteriorly and in distal prostatic urethra.
  • Common cause of urinary obstruction in male newborns and infants
  • Valves are mucosal folds that resemble thin membranes.
  • Valves cause obstruction when child attempts to void.
29
Q
  1. The Clinical manifestations of Urethral Valve Abnormalities include all the following except ;
A

Ø Intrauterine renal failure causing:
* Oligohydramnios (decreased amniotic fluid)
* Pulmonary hypoplasia (incomplete lung development)
* Stillbirth or extreme distress at the time of birth
* Inability to void (normally void within 24 hours of birth)
* Abdominal masses, such as palpable bladder or hydronephrotic kidneys
* Varying degrees of azotemia or renal failure
* Urinary ascites (extravasated urine in the peritoneum)
* Floating bowel on x-ray

30
Q
  1. All are secondary causes of erectile dysfunction, except
A
  • Peripheral vascular disease: arterial insufficiency from obstruction, atherosclerosis, stenosis of arteries, vascular endothelial damage
  • Endocrine problems: diabetes, pituitary dysfunction (↓ luteinizing hormone, ↓ testosterone, ↑ prolactin)
  • Medications: antihypertensives, antihistamines, phenothiazines, some antidepressants
  • Trauma: penile fractures, pelvic fractures
  • Iatrogenic causes: aortoiliac vascular surgery, radical pelvic cancer surgery
  • Psychological causes
31
Q
  1. Which false about the etiology of neoplasms of the Penis?
A
  • Rare in the United States: <0.2% cancer cases
  • Phimosis resulting from chronic inflammation most common cause
  • Extremely low incidence in circumcised men
  • 97% squamous cell CA of the glans or inner surface of the foreskin
  • Metastasis occurs by lymphatic dissemination.
  • Four stages progressing in severity
32
Q
  1. Which is false about Hypogonadism
A
  • Incidence: 4 to 5 million
  • Cause: primary testicular failure
  • Androgen deficiency in the aging male (ADAM) or andropause
    o Causes erectile dysfunction (ED), loss of muscle tone, osteoporosis, and lipid metabolism changes
  • Diagnosis: serum testosterone level
  • Treatment: replace testosterone
33
Q
  1. The ________ Inflammation of testis from trauma, reflux of sterile urine up the vas deferens or secondary to a bacterial infection
A

Epididymitis

Nursing School WCU (36 decks)

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