check your understanding week 7 for week 8 Flashcards
Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of
immune injury to basement membranes.
What type of fracture generally occurs in children?
Greenstick
Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be
an autoimmune process.
The disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as
Paget disease.
A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of
tender point pain.
A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is
positive antinuclear antibodies.
Gouty arthritis is a complication of
inadequate renal excretion of uric acid.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to
autoimmune mechanisms.
Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to
fibromyalgia syndrome.
Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to
soft-tissue damage.
It is true that scleroderma involves
inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue.
The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called
tophaceous gout.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which
acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.
Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is
development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum.
In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with
systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system.
A risk factor for osteoporosis is
early menopause.
Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage
myasthenia gravis.
Ankylosing spondylitis causes
intervertebral joint fusion.
Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to
initiate action to have the cast split or removed.
Most muscle strains are caused by
abnormal muscle contraction.
Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
A severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is
brain herniation.
It is true that encephalitis is usually
because of a viral infection in brain cells.
It is true that Bell palsy is a
paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve.
In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of
estrogen deficiency.
Steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because
demyelination is mediated by immune mechanisms.
Intracranial pressure normally ranges from ______ mm Hg.
0 to 15
Most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the ________ nerve roots.
posterior
The most important preventive measure for hemorrhagic stroke is
blood pressure control.
An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be
hypoventilation.
Referred pain may be perceived at some distance from the area of tissue injury, but generally felt
within the same dermatome.
A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).
________ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes.
Nystagmus
Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning?
Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response
The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed
nociception.
Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of
endorphins.
The stage of spinal shock that follows spinal cord injury is characterized by
absent spinal reflexes below the level of injury.
In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on
stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function.
The gate control theory of pain transmission predicts that activity in touch receptors will
decrease pain signal transmission in the spinal cord.
The most important determinant for prescribing therapy for acute stroke is
ischemic versus hemorrhagic cause.
The chief pathologic features of osteoarthritis are
degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium.
The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is
Raynaud phenomenon.
“Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me,” says another nurse. “Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?” Your best response is
“No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone.”
Bone healing may be impaired by
nicotine use.
Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?
Osteomalacia
One of the most common causes of acute pain is
headache.
Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called
malunion.
People who have osteoporosis are at risk for
bone fractures.
The most common symptom of multiple myeloma is
bone pain.
Paget’s disease is characterized by
excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.
The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis involves
immune cells accumulating in pannus and destroying articular cartilage.
Enteropathic arthritis is associated with
inflammatory bowel disease.
Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by
autoimmune injury.
A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.
migraine
Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of
hematogenous transfer.
Orthostatic hypotension may be a manifestation of
Parkinson disease.
Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they
increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia.
What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?
Slower rate of action potential conduction
A college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102°F. This information is most consistent with
meningitis.
The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include
rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity.
Seizures that involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed
generalized.
Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by
hypertension and bradycardia.
It is recommended that women of childbearing age take folic acid daily for prevention of
neural tube defects.
Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when
the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone.
The initial treatment of an individual experiencing a seizure is concentrated on
maintaining an airway.
Parkinson disease is associated with
a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra.
Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain?
Anticonvulsants
Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis?
The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years.
Ascending paralysis with no loss of sensation is characteristic of
Guillain-Barré syndrome.
The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves
inadequate mineralization in the osteoid.
A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for
delayed healing.
The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is
rickets.
A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is
broken and protruding through the skin.
The person at highest risk of a greenstick fracture from falling off a tall ladder is age
8.
The complication which is not likely to result from a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula is
air embolus.
“Tell me again the name of that chemical that makes crystals when my gout flares up,” asks the client. The nurse’s best response is
uric acid.
The most common site affected in Paget’s disease is the
lower spine.
The most common presenting sign/symptom with rheumatic fever is
polyarthritis.
The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called
subluxation.
A fracture in which bone breaks into two or more fragments is referred to as
comminuted.
Secondary injury after head trauma refers to
brain injury resulting from the body’s response to tissue damage.
Systemic disorders include
rheumatoid arthritis.
Muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle disorders that are
genetically transmitted.
The first indication of brain compression from increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) may be
sluggish pupil response to light.
The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is
intracranial hemorrhage.
Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which
focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.
Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include
acute hypertension.
The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that
the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia.
The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including
deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain.
Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with
basilar skull fracture.
Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports
sudden, severe headache.
Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of
noncontractile tissue injury.
The most common type of osteomyelitis is
hematogenous.
A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be
systemic manifestations of inflammation.
The most common source of osteomyelitis is
an infection that migrates via the bloodstream.
Inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called
bursitis.
The ________ is the level of painful stimulation required to be perceived.
threshold
Manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to
sympathetic nervous system activation.
________ edema occurs when ischemic tissue swells because of cellular energy failure.
Cytotoxic
It is true that encephalitis is usually
because of a viral infection in brain cells.
It is true that epidural bleeding is
characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury.
Most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the ________ nerve roots.
posterior
A patient who experiences early symptoms of muscle twitching, cramping, and stiffness of the hands may be demonstrating signs of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
To avoid the progression of cutaneous lesions, a patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) should
avoid sun exposure.
Clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include
left-sided muscle weakness and neglect.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is usually managed with volume expansion and blood pressure support to enhance cerebral perfusion. This is necessary because subarachnoid hemorrhage predisposes to
cerebral vasospasm.
Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease
other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out
Slow pain sensation is transmitted primarily by
unmyelinated C fibers.
