Physiology Final Review Flashcards
A glomerulus is
the main filtering unit of the kidney
ACE converts
Angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, role in blood pressure regulation.
All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT
a decrease in cardiac output
Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by
salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.
Juxtaglomerular cells in the nephron secrete
renin
Meiosis of one cell results in production of____WHAT?
Four genetically diverse haploid cells.
The H zone of a sarcomere contains….WHAT?
myosin
The QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to_____WHAT HAPPENS THERE
depolarization of ventricles
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because..WHAT?
it measures the pressure necessary for adequate perfusion of the organs of the body
or
it represents the driving pressure for blood flow
Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in a person suffering from type I diabetes mellitus?
A.) hyperglycemia
B.) thirst and polydipsia
C.) glucosuria
D.) ketoacidosis
Glucosuria, thirst and polydipsia, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following occurs immediately after the power stroke?
The myosin head must detach from actin.
Cross-bridge formation occurs when calcium________
Calcium binds to troponin, altering its shape.
What does “Calcium induce calcium release” mean?
the process by which extracellular Ca2+ triggers the release of stored Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The sensory fibers of the muscle spindles synapse onto
alpha motor neurons.
The polysynaptic reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons.
true
When there is a resistance to stretch produced by a given limb muscle,____________.
Muscle tone is increased and more motor units are recruited to the contraction.
The ____________________ reflexes involve skeletal muscles.
Somatic reflexes
The tension generated in a skeletal muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number of_______
high energy crossbridges formed
The contraction cycle is initiated by the rise in Na+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).T/F
false
Which of the following is not a vasoconstrictor?
Artrial natriuretic peptide
Adenosine is vasodilator that increases blood flow to match metabolism, its source is the mast cells. T/F
Flase
Everything is true about veins, except;
The primary determinant of velocity is the total cross-sectional area of the vessel. T/F
True
Which is not a factor that influences mean arterial pressure?
influences: Blood volume, Heart rate, Stroke volume, Blood viscosity, Peripheral resistance.
This reflex help us maintain body position…WHAT IS ?
myotatic reflex.
In myocardial action potentials, in phase 2, we observe_________. WHAT
Calcium channels open and calcium ions pass into the muscle to facilitate muscular contraction.
Which of the following has a long refractory period? Difference between muscles
Cardiac Muscle
The T-P segment in EKG signifies _ _WHAT ____________.
The time between the end of heartbeat a and the beginning of heartbeat b.
Which one is not part of the treatment for high blood pressure?
Diuretics and calcium channel blockers
Which is not a Tubular Element of the Kidney?
The Collecting Duct
The _________ regulates the reabsorption of the ions and water for salt and water balance and ph homeostasis
Distal nephron (distal tubule and collecting duct)
Which one is correct about GFR ?
The __________ is the maximum rate of transport that occurs when all carriers are occupied by (are saturated with) substrate.
Saturation
Which one is incorrect about secretion?
Which of the following is secreted Ascending limb of loop of Henle?
Urea
water and sodium chloride
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete the enzyme renin if blood pressure decreases
True
Which is false about Angiotensin II ?
activates parasympathetic output
Hyperkalemia can provoke muscle weakness and failure of respiratory muscles and the heart. T/F
True
Which of the following cells produces the intrinsic factor?
Parietal cells
The acute phase proteins (in inflammation) are produced by the___________.
Liver/ hepatocytes.
The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are_____________.
plasma
An inflammatory response is triggered when______________
mast cells release histamine and heparin
Immunoglobulins in early responses to pathogens are_______________.
IgM
Contraction of the ________ alters the surface area by moving villi.
muscularis mucosae
Rugae, plicae, and villi are all structures that _______do what?________.
increase absorption.
The subepithelial connective tissue of the GI tract, immediately beneath the epithelium, is the____________.
Lamina Propria
The myenteric plexus is______________.
a network of neurons
Peyer’s patches are found in the__________
small intestine
________ are pacemakers for slow wave activity.
Interstitial cells of Cajal
Which does NOT occur when you swallow?
pyloric sphincter does not open during swallowing
or
The upper esophageal sphincter closes
Nearly 90% of our dietary calories from fat are in the form of____________.
Triglycerides
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,….WHAT HAPPENS?
there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach.
Bicarbonate secretion__________ who produce and where
the pancreas
The location of most peptic ulcers are ______________
inner surface of the stomach or small intestine or Duodenum
The primary complex carbohydrate ingested and digested by people is_____________.
Starch
Maltose is broken down by maltase into two molecules of____________.
glucose molecules
________ are tiny droplets of fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, mono- and diglycerides, and bile salts.
micelles
________ digest terminal peptide bonds to release amino acids.
Endopeptidase
Long reflexes that originate outside the digestive system include ________ reflexes and ________ reflexes, which are called ________ reflexes.
feedforward, emotional, cephalic
________ is a protein cofactor secreted by the pancreas that allows lipases access to fats inside the bile salt coating.
Colipase
Put the following steps of fat digestion and absorption in order:
a. Bile salts coat fat droplets.
b. Cholesterol is transported into cells.
c. Chylomicrons are formed.
d. Chylomicrons are removed by the lymphatic system.
e. Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles.
f. Pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats.
a,f,e,b,c,d
Which hormone inhibits gastric emptying?
Glucagon or secretin
Which is the hormone that decreases iron absorption?
Motilin
Which hormone targets the smooth muscle of the intestines?
hepcidin
Which of the following blocks cholesterol absorption?
Ezetimibe
Which does NOT occur during labor?
The umbilical cord breaks. Oxytocin released from the anterior pituitary./ Conception.
Which hormone contributes to the onset of puberty?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Which hormone is used as an indicator of polycystic ovary syndrome?
anti-Müllerian hormone
Hemophilia, color blindness, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy occur more often in males than females. Why?
because the gene is located on the X chromosome.
Abnormal fat and amino acid metabolism may lead to the condition called__________________
ketoacidosis
Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. How do they maintain normal cell volume?
They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity.
Dehydration may cause some ions to become concentrated. If a person was suffering from severe hyperkalemia, you would expect_________.
the skeletal muscles to be unresponsive and cardiac arrest could occur. Abnormal cardiac rhythms.
Which leads to the lowest water loss during the day?
feces
In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration is ________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.
is much higher than
Urea is____________
passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
The specialized cells found in the capsule epithelium are called pericytes. These cells have long cytoplasmic extensions called foot processes.
false
podocytes, foot processes
