Patho midterm review Flashcards
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of
intrinsic factor.
Treatment for hemophilia A includes
factor VIII replacement.
A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, “My feet swell if I eat salt but I don’t understand why” The nurse’s best response is
“Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell.”
To best prevent emphysema, a patient is instructed to stop smoking since cigarette smoke
impairs α1-antitrypsin, allowing elastase to predominate.
Pneumocystitis is a term that refers to a
fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV.
New-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration.
False
Which change in a patient’s assessment has the greatest urgency?
Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
A 5-year-old patient’s parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child’s most likely diagnosis is
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)
Mitral stenosis is associated with
a pressure gradient across the mitral valve.
In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event?
Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
hypertrophy.
A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience
numbness and tingling in the extremities.
All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except
necrosis.
COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes
air trapping.
When a patient is struck in the eye by a baseball, the result is redness and swelling. This increase in blood flow to a localized area is called
hyperemia.
A major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis is
noncompliance
Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except
allostasis.
Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include
intermittent claudication.
The finding of ketones in the blood suggests that a person may have
metabolic acidosis.
The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is
IgE
Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions, because
massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation.
What is the most likely explanation for a diagnosis of hypernatremia in an elderly patient receiving tube feeding?
Inadequate water intake
Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to
inhibit clotting factor consumption.
Which pulmonary function test result is consistent with a diagnosis of asthma?
Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
Blood flow is slow through capillaries because capillaries
have the largest total cross-sectional area.
The arterial oxygen content (CaO2) for a patient with PaO2 100 mm Hg, SaO2 95%, and hemoglobin 15 g/dL is _____ mL oxygen/dL.
19.4
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will
kill rapidly dividing cells.
Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except
decreased blood viscosity.
The goal of long term heparin for the management of a deep vein thrombosis is to
prevent further clot formation.
Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?
Thrombocytopenia
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases
afterload.
Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes.
True
A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.
False
The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with
antibiotics.
A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is
immunosuppression.
Which condition enhances lymphatic flow?
Increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
Two primary acid-base disorders that are present independently are referred to as
mixed acid-base imbalance.
What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?
Resistance increases by a factor of 16.
A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is
myeloma.
The only known curative treatment for CML is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a suitable donor.
True
An example of an acyanotic heart defect is
ventricular septal defect.
Coagulative necrosis is caused by
interrupted blood supply.
Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?
Carbonic
The most definitive diagnostic method for active tuberculosis is acquired via
sputum culture.
Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they
develop recurrent infections.
A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?
Septic
Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?
HIV/AIDS
A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience
syncope
The major buffer in the extracellular fluid is
bicarbonate.
An elderly patient’s blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient’s left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?
Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload.
Left-sided heart failure is characterized by
pulmonary congestion.
Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?
Hemolytic anemia
Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?
Sodium
Reperfusion injury to cells
involves formation of free radicals.
The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is
ST-segment elevation.
Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of
baroreceptor activity.
Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of
hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia.
The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is
selective IgA.
How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema?
By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
Carbon monoxide injures cells by
reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.
Total body water in older adults is
decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass.
Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).
A normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, and increased prothrombin time (PT) and INR, is indicative of
vitamin K deficiency.
What is the correct definition of complete remission (CR) of leukemia?
CR is less than 5% blasts in marrow and normal CBC values.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome is an example of a(n)
deficient immune response.
The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is
lack of surfactant.
Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include
confusion.
A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is
serum potassium.
The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is
reduced cardiac output.
A 3-year-old is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What signs and symptoms should you anticipate in your assessment?
Rapid, deep breathing, lethargy, abdominal pain
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.
liquefactive
After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of
right-sided heart failure.
Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?
It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.
Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to
rupture.
A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock.
septic
The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
respiratory
Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by
norepinephrine.
Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?
Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)
In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with
reduced contractility.
The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in
fibrinolysis.
A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is
pulmonary embolus.
Which complication of asthma is life threatening?
Status asthmaticus
Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with
antiplatelet drugs.
The Philadelphia chromosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called
bcr-abl.
The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is
measured to improve oxygenation.
Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?
Mutant tumor-suppressor gene
Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?
Septic
Which type of leukemia primarily affects children?
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)
The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.
True
The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts.
True
Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of
thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Neuromuscular disorders impair lung function primarily because of
weak muscles of respiration.
What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?
Tachycardia
Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord.
True
After evaluation, a child’s asthma is characterized as “extrinsic.” This means that the asthma is
associated with specific allergic triggers.
Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by
Correct!
pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3– 36.
Legionnaires disease is characterized by
presence of systemic illness.
Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
death.
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?
Anaphylactic
In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive.
False
Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.
mean arterial
A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of
hypertensive crisis.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of
increased neuromuscular excitability.
The most definitive diagnostic method for active tuberculosis is acquired via
sputum culture.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to
inhibit clotting factor consumption.
After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor
is malignant.
When a patient is struck in the eye by a baseball, the result is redness and swelling. This increase in blood flow to a localized area is called
hyperemia.
Diarrhea causes
metabolic acidosis.
Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except
decreased blood viscosity.
The assessment findings of a 5-year-old with a history of asthma include extreme shortness of breath, nasal flaring, coughing, pulsus paradoxus, and use of accessory respiratory muscles. There is no wheezing and the chest is silent in many areas. How should you interpret your assessment?
The child may be having such a severe asthma episode that the airways are closed, so start oxygen and get the doctor immediately.
A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic.
False
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body.
True
Which clinical manifestation is not likely the result of a tuberculosis infection?
Cyanosis
What laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia?
Pancytopenia
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of
intrinsic factor.
Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances?
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as
carcinomas.
Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene
occurs at an earlier age.
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.
liquefactive
A 5-year-old patient’s parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child’s most likely diagnosis is
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)
A 3-year-old is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What signs and symptoms should you anticipate in your assessment?
Rapid, deep breathing, lethargy, abdominal pain
A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is
dry cough.
Total body water in older adults is
decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass.
All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except
necrosis.
Aortic regurgitation is associated with
diastolic murmur.
Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina.
Prinzmetal variant
Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is
cigarette smoking.
The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is
dysplasia.
A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is
immunosuppression.
A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is
Bence Jones proteins in the urine.
Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by
pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3– 36.
Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by
elevated bicarbonate ion concentration.
Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is
calcium.
The cause of the most common form of anemia is
iron deficiency.
When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse’s best response is
“If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated.”
Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum
bilirubin.
An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized) is associated with
hypokalemia.
Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in
increased pH, increased HCO3–.
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with
hemophilia.
Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include
intermittent claudication.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions.
False
The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in
non-Hispanic black adults.
Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).
An elderly patient’s blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient’s left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?
Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload.
Which causes vasoconstriction?
Norepinephrine
Widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions, because
massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation.
Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?
Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T
A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is
stable angina.
A patient who reports dizziness and who has absent P waves, wide QRS complexes, and a heart rate of 38 beats/minute on an ECG is most likely in which rhythm?
Ventricular escape rhythm
The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the
DNA.
A known cause of hypokalemia is
insulin overdose.
In general, the best prognosis for long-term disease-free survival occurs with
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia).
The increased anterior-posterior chest diameter associated with obstructive lung disease is caused by
increased residual lung volumes.
Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include
decreased urine output.
Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?
Mutant tumor-suppressor gene
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called
pleural effusion.
The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by
tachycardia.
What form of oral rehydration, bottled water or salty broth, is best suited for a patient who is demonstrating signs of clinical dehydration?
Salty soup, because it will provide some sodium to help hold the fluid in his blood vessels and interstitial fluid
In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event?
Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction
Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?
HIV/AIDS
A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.
III
Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?
Carbonic
A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of
primary prevention.
Empyema is defined as an
infection in the pleural space.
Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of
glucose.
Asthma is categorized as a(n)
obstructive pulmonary disorder.
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient’s blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.
After evaluation, a child’s asthma is characterized as “extrinsic.” This means that the asthma is
associated with specific allergic triggers.
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of
secondary prevention.
Copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum are generally associated with
bronchiectasis.
A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is
aspirin.
A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?
“Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate.”
Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?
Crystalloids
Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.
secondary
The major buffer in the extracellular fluid is
bicarbonate.
Blood flow is slow through capillaries because capillaries
have the largest total cross-sectional area.
Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom?
Edema
The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
respiratory
Somatic death refers to death
of the entire organism.
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
Which is not a manifestation of acute arterial obstruction?
Purpura
Which alterations can lead to edema?
Decreased lymphatic flow
The liver is responsible for the synthesis of coagulation factors, with the exception of part of VIII.
True
Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease.
True
The finding of ketones in the blood suggests that a person may have
metabolic acidosis.
The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the
kidney.
Proto-oncogenes
are normal cellular genes that promote growth.
Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by
lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave.
Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?
Sodium
A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?
Iron deficiency
Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with
acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction.
The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in
fibrinolysis.
Reperfusion injury to cells
involves formation of free radicals.
In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?
Atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minute
After evaluation, a child’s asthma is characterized as “extrinsic.” This means that the asthma is
associated with specific allergic triggers.
A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of
mitral regurgitation.
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of
secondary prevention.
A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing
acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?
Vasoconstriction
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)
elderly woman without a previous history of MI.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?
Thrombocytopenia
When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic
True
The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is
vasodilation.
A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing
vitamin K deficiency bleeding.
A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit
pulmonary congestion with dyspnea.
Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?
HIV/AIDS
Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they
develop recurrent infections.
Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with
antiplatelet drugs.
The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of
the intrinsic pathway.
Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of
nitric oxide.
Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord.
True
Which type of leukemia primarily affects children?
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)
Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?
Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118
The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in
fibrinolysis.
The effects of excessive cortisol production include
immune suppression.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include
hyperlipidemia.
Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is
deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.
What laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia?
Pancytopenia
Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease.
True
The goal of long term heparin for the management of a deep vein thrombosis is to
prevent further clot formation.
Which causes vasoconstriction?
Norepinephrine
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
hypertrophy.
Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?
Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)
COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes
air trapping.
After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of
tertiary prevention.
The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is
selective IgA.
Somatic death refers to death
of the entire organism.
Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of
β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including
Burkitt lymphoma.
A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.
III
Which pulmonary function test result is consistent with a diagnosis of asthma?
Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
Early manifestations of a developing metabolic acidosis include
headache.
A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience
syncope.
Pulse pressure is defined as
systolic pressure – diastolic pressure.
Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances?
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is
elevated total iron-binding capacity.
Hyperaldosteronism causes
ECV excess and hypokalemia.
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as
bicarbonate ion.
Causes of hypomagnesemia include
chronic alcoholism.
Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria?
128/82
Patients who experience anemic episodes when exposed to certain drugs most likely have
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by
resistance to airflow.
A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is
aspirin.
A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of
increased neuromuscular excitability.
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases
afterload.
Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they
have no cytoplasmic organelles.
A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with
hemophilia.
An example of an acyanotic heart defect is
ventricular septal defect.
The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts.
True
The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.
True
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop
hypercalcemia.
Hypertension is closely linked to
obstructive sleep apnea.
A patient who reports an intestinal fistula also reports feeling “weak and dizzy” when she stands. While taking her blood pressure she becomes temporarily unresponsive but quickly regains consciousness when put into a supine position. What nursing interventions will the nurse implement before calling the physician?
Give her water or juice and some salty crackers and ask if she has had any diarrhea or vomiting.
Respiratory acidosis is associated with
increased carbonic acid.
Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by
recipient antibodies.
Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?
Insulin
The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is
two thirds.
The cause of the most common form of anemia is
iron deficiency.
Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia, because they are both
microcytic.
The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by
hypoventilation.
Cancer grading is based on
cell differentiation.
Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?
Liver
Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person’s cells. These proteins are called ________ proteins.
HLA or MHC
Which assessment would support a diagnosis of type A COPD rather than type B COPD
Normal PaCO2, scant sputum, accessory muscle use, barrel chest
Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene
occurs at an earlier age.
Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of
peripheral pooling of blood.
Peripheral edema is a result of
venous thrombosis.
What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?
Infants
The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the
oxygen-hemoglobin affinity.
Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include
muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.
The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is
dysplasia.
An increase in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen occurs with
shift to the left.
Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?
Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising
Which complication of asthma is life threatening?
Status asthmaticus
Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
death.
In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive.
False
Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by
accumulation of alveolar exudates.
When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse’s best response is
“If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated.”
When preparing for the admission of a client diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the nurse will
put a sputum cup and a box of tissues on the bedside table.
Cor pulmonale refers to
right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension.
A restrictive respiratory disorder is characterized by
decreased residual volume.
A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?
Jaundice
A 5-year-old patient’s parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child’s most likely diagnosis is
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)
First-degree heart block is characterized by
prolonged PR interval.
The characteristic x-ray findings in tuberculosis include
Ghon tubercles.
The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
P53.
Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.
secondary
In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event?
Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction
Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)
communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Metaplasia is
the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with
Epstein–Barr virus.
The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is
lack of surfactant.
