Patho week 3 Flashcards
The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension.
True
Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?
Sodium
The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.
False
A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of
hypertensive crisis.
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases
afterload.
Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with
antiplatelet drugs.
Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes.
True
Mitral stenosis is associated with
a pressure gradient across the mitral valve.
After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports “moderate” adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Continue lifestyle modifications only.
A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient’s symptomology is most likely related to
hypotension.
Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to
rupture.
Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at
decreasing myocardial oxygen demands.
What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?
Vasoconstriction
A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is
stable angina.
A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.
False
An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by
positioning the arm above the heart level.
Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?
Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient’s blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
An example of an acyanotic heart defect is
ventricular septal defect.
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?
Septic
Left-sided heart failure is characterized by
pulmonary congestion.
The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of
reentry mechanisms.
Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to
decrease left ventricular afterload.
A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic.
False
The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is
vasodilation.
After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of
right-sided heart failure.
A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is
serum potassium.
Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they
reduce cardiac output.
Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by
lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave.
Cor pulmonale refers to
right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension.
First-degree heart block is characterized by
prolonged PR interval.
Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?
Septic
Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of
nitric oxide.
Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy.
False
In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with
high cardiac output.
Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells.
renin
Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of
peripheral pooling of blood.
Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of
baroreceptor activity.
The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension.
True
Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of
cardiac tamponade.
A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient’s symptomology is most likely related to
hypotension.
Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)
communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with
acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction.
The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of
apoptosis.
Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of
β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?
Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T
A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.
False
Pulse pressure is defined as
systolic pressure – diastolic pressure
Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?
Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient’s blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases
afterload.
Mitral stenosis is associated with
a pressure gradient across the mitral valve.
The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.
False
A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience
syncope.
The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with
antibiotics.
Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?
Septic
The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is
vasodilation.
The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of
reentry mechanisms.
Cor pulmonale refers to
right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension.
Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?
Crystalloids
Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to
pulmonary stenosis.
A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing
acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of
peripheral pooling of blood.
Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by
lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave.
Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to
decrease left ventricular afterload.
Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?
Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)
In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?
Class II, Compensated Stage
A patient who reports dizziness and who has absent P waves, wide QRS complexes, and a heart rate of 38 beats/minute on an ECG is most likely in which rhythm?
Ventricular escape rhythm
A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit
pulmonary congestion with dyspnea.
The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is
digitalis.
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?
Anaphylactic
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)
elderly woman without a previous history of MI.
Sepsis has been recently redefined as
a systemic inflammatory response to infection.
Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells.
renin
Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes.
True
The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.
False
What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?
Tachycardia
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient’s blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.
The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension.
True
An example of an acyanotic heart defect is
ventricular septal defect.
A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.
False
Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina.
Prinzmetal variant
The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in
non-Hispanic black adults.
Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to
rupture.
An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by
positioning the arm above the heart level.
A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient’s symptomology is most likely related to
hypotension.
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of
cardiac tamponade.
Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.
mean arterial
Hypertension is closely linked to
obstructive sleep apnea.
A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of
mitral regurgitation.
The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of
apoptosis.
Pulse pressure is defined as
systolic pressure – diastolic pressure.
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases
afterload.
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?
Class II, Compensated Stage
First-degree heart block is characterized by
prolonged PR interval.
The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of
reentry mechanisms.
A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to
decrease left ventricular afterload.
decrease left ventricular afterload.
Septic
Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of
baroreceptor activity.
Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?
Crystalloids
Cor pulmonale refers to
right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension.
Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by
lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave.
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)
elderly woman without a previous history of MI.
The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is
reduced cardiac output.
Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells.
renin
An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of
premature ventricular complexes.
Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy.
False
Left-sided heart failure is characterized by
pulmonary congestion.
A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock.
septic
A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock.
obstructive
A patient who reports dizziness and who has absent P waves, wide QRS complexes, and a heart rate of 38 beats/minute on an ECG is most likely in which rhythm?
Ventricular escape rhythm
A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.
False
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.
secondary
Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria?
128/82
Pulse pressure is defined as
systolic pressure – diastolic pressure.
Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)
communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in
non-Hispanic black adults.
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases
afterload.
Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.
mean arterial
Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?
Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T
A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of
mitral regurgitation.
Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?
Sodium
Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with
antiplatelet drugs.
Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at
decreasing myocardial oxygen demands.
Mitral stenosis is associated with
a pressure gradient across the mitral valve.
The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is
ST-segment elevation.
A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of
hypertensive crisis.
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension.
True
What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?
Vasoconstriction
A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing
acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of
baroreceptor activity.
A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock.
septic
The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is
reduced cardiac output.
The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is
digitalis.
Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock.
cardiogenic
A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?
Septic
Cor pulmonale refers to
right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension.
The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of
reentry mechanisms.
In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?
Class II, Compensated Stage
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?
Anaphylactic
Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of
nitric oxide.
Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to
pulmonary stenosis.
Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to
decrease left ventricular afterload.
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)
elderly woman without a previous history of MI.
A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing
orthopnea.
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is
serum potassium.
A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock.
obstructive
Left-sided heart failure is characterized by
pulmonary congestion.
