pharmodynamics Flashcards
what type of reaction is within an above therapeutic range and give an example of the reaction
toxic reaction
example: bleeding following too high dose of anticoagulant
what type of reaction is within a therapeutic range and give an example of the reaction
collateral
example: drowsiness with antidepressant
what type of reaction is within a below therapeutic range and give an example of the reaction
hyper susceptibility reaction
example: penicillin reaction
What are first dose reactions and give an example
Occur straight away. hypotension after first dose of ACE inhibitor
give an example of the reaction of early reactions
nitrate-induced headache
What are intermediate reactions and give an example
Happen within days to weeks of taking the drug. thromboembolism due to antipsychotic drugs
What are late reactions give an example
bruising due to corticocosteroids
When do withdrawal reactions occur.
give an example of the reaction of withdrawal reactions
After the medication is stopped
SSRI antidepressant discontinuation
What are delayed reactions
give an example of the reaction of delayed reactions
Side effects that appear long after stopped. severe white blood cell loss after certain chemotherapy drugs
what are the four types of pharmocological actions of drugs
- via direct effects on cellular receptor function
2 via action on ion Channels - Via action on membrane transport processes
- via enzyme inhibition
what is an agonist
molecule that binds to a receptor and activates it
what is a partial agonist
an agonist that cannot illicit the same change as a full agnostic
what are antagonists
diminish or abolish the effect of an agonist via interaction with the receptor
what are the two types of antagonists
competitive and non-competitive
what are competitive antagonists
compete for the same binding site as the agonist
what are non-competitive antagonists
alter the binding ‘site’ for the agonist, which decreases agonist activity
drugs that act on ion channels commonly affect…
what is an example of a drug
neural transmission and muscle contractibility and vaerapamil
what is the function of transporters, what is a drug that affects the function
mediate the movement of specific endogenous molecules and nutrients in and out of the cell
Sertraline
what are phrarmodynamic interactions
interactions between drugs which have similar or antagonistic pharmacological or side effects
what are pharmokinetic interactions
part of a key point in the metabolism PK phase where drugs can directly alter the activity of the liver
which type of interaction are predictable
phrarmodynamic
what are pharmacogenetics
variations can occur in individual response to a drug, if you don’t have the enzyme you can’t metabolise the drug
pharmcogenetics is important for
personalised medicine
what is polypharmacy
where people take > 4 medicines simultaneously
what is an adverse drug reaction
effect of a drug beyond its anticipated therapeutic effects occurring during clinical use
what are adverse drug reactions ADRs classified by
DoTS classification
what does DoTS classification stand for
Dose
time-course
susceptibility
below dose ADRs result in
permanent avoidance of the drug
within therapeutic range ADRs result in
may not be unavoidable, may not reduce by reducing dose
above therapeutic range ADRs result in
treat by reducing dose
what do ACE inhibitors effect
enzymes
example Cytochrome PY50
what happens when CYP50 is induced
what happens during initiation of CYP50
what happens during withdrawal of CYP50
- rate of metabolism of other drug increases, decreasing plasma concentration = decreased effect
- rate of metabolism of other drug deceased, plasma concentration increases = toxicity
- plasma concentration of other drug increases = decreased rate of metabolism of other drug = increased plasma concentration and increased toxicity
what are examples of drugs affected by PY50 induction/inhibition (remember the acronym COWPAT)
C ciclosporin
O oral contraceptive pill
W warparin
P phenytoin
A Ace inhibitors
T theophylline
S statins
