Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

interactions > pharmacology of pain management > Flashcards

pharmacology of pain management Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of pain?

A

nociceptive and neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is nociceptive pain

A

caused by tissue damage, generally time-linted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is neuropathic pain

A

caused by damage to neurones, tends to be chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nociceptive pain is relieved by?

A

analgesics specifically NSAIDs and opioids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does NSAIDs stand for

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the four main properties of NSAIDs

A
  1. anti-inflammation
  2. anti-pyretic: reduces fever
  3. analgesic: rapid pain relief via CNS and PNS
  4. anti-coagulant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do NSAIDs work

A

effects are achieved by preventing the breakdown of arachidonic acid by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (COX enzymes). This decreases the production of prostaglandins and thromboxane. By preventing prostaglandin production the NSAID reduces neuronal firing decreasing pain sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the characteristics of opioids

A
  1. analgesia
  2. anaesthesia
  3. antitussive effects: decrease cough reflex
  4. antidiarrheal effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do opioids reduce neuronal activity in the CNS and PNS

A

Opioids reduce neuronal activity in the CNS and PNS by binding to the opioid receptors:

  1. Decreased opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels
  2. Increased K+ outflow
  3. Decreased Ca2+ is release from intracellular stores
  4. Decreased exocytosis of transmitter vesicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

paracetamol is similar to what type of analgesic

A

NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the properties of paracetamol

A
  • very good analgesic
  • very good antipyretic

has very little anti-inflammatory effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which type of pain is harder to treat

A

neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the types of drugs that treat neuropathic pain

A
  1. tri-cyclic antidepressants

2. antiepileptics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do tri-cyclic antidepressants work

A

block the reuptake of both 5HT (serotonin) and noradrenaline.

  • By increasing 5HT and NA they increase the activity in the descending pathways which blocks transmission. They can act in a positive way.
  • Block adrenoreceptors, histamine receptors and muscarinic receptors. Antihistamines can block inflammatory responses and blocking adrenoreceptors helps with pain management
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do antiepileptics work

A

Act to reduce the hyperactivity in the neurones that is associated with neuropathic pain.

  1. Gabapentin: block voltage dependent calcium channels which would decrease hyperactivity
  2. Carbamazepine: can block voltage dependent sodium channels which also decrease neuronal activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do anaesthetics work

A

enter the cell through the membrane in an unionised form and become ionised in the intracellular space. In this form, it can block the inside of the Na+ channel

17
Q

what type of anaesthesia is an epidural

A

local

18
Q

how does epidural anaesthesia work

A

It reduces pain but still allows the mother to respond to changes in pressure and be able to push

19
Q

which type of neurone is more sensitive to the effects of local anaethetics

A

sensory

20
Q

what are side effects of NSAIDs

A 
GI upset 
heartburn 
nausea
diarrhoea 
bleeding
21
Q

what are the side effects of opioids

A
  • dependency
  • constipation
  • vomit and nausea
  • depression
  • respiratory depression
22
Q

how can opioid side effects be reversed

A

opioid antagonist such as naloxone

23
Q

what is a tension headache and where does it affect

A

associated with physical and mental tension, normally bilateral affecting both sides of the head and often felt at the back of the head

24
Q

what is a sinus headache and where does it affect

A

result of inflammation of blocking leading to an increased pressure being felt over the location of the sinuses.

25
Q

what is a migraine and where does it affect

A

painful and debilitating form of headache. Migraines are often associated with gastrointestinal upset, and vomiting.

normally unilateral affecting most of the head on one side with a focal point generally located behind the eye

26
Q

what are cluster headaches and where are they located

A

rapid onset and strong severity that are associated with changes in the autonomic nervous system. They are called clusters as they may have a number of headaches occurring in close succession.

27
Q

cluster headaches are associated with

A

increased excretions, running eyes and nose as a result of the involvement of CNV trigeminal nerve

28
Q

what are medical overuse headaches

A

taking too many painkillers may lead to onset of medication overuse headaches

interactions (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions