novel cancer therapies 1

Question 1

what are examples of immunotherapy approaches

Answer 1

targeted antibodies, adaptive cellular therapy, cytokines

Question 2

what is Coley’s toxin

Answer 2

the first attempt at immunotherapy and hyperthermia and cancer

Question 3

what do therapeutic vaccines contain

Answer 3

modified tumour cells, tumour-associated antigens, dendritic cells and oncolytic vaccines

Question 4

what are the characteristics of germ line antigens

Answer 4

expressed only by tumour cells and adult reproductive tissues

Question 5

what are the characteristics of differentiated antigens

Answer 5

expressed by tumours and.a limited range of normal tissues

Question 6

what are the characteristics of over expressed antigens

Answer 6

expressed in normal and tumour cells, expressed too much in tumour

Question 7

what are the characteristics of viral antigens

Answer 7

expressed only by tumour cells as a result of a viral infection

Question 8

what are dendritic cells

Answer 8

antigen presenting cells

Question 9

how can dendritic cells be used for cancer therapy

Answer 9

you can take blood containing monocytes and stimulate them in vitro to become dendritic cells, you can then tweak dendritic cells to give you the response you want

Question 10

how have dendritic cells been used in prostate cancer

Answer 10

Used with the fusion protein prostatic acid phosphatase PAP → this antigen is present in prostate cancer.

This is coupled to granulocyte Macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF which stimulates dendritic cells.

You transect the dendritic cells and give it back as a therapy.

Question 11

what is the function of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 11

induce or promote an immune response

Question 12

how can monoclonal antibodies be used for cancer therapy? Give an example

Answer 12

Rituximab recognises CD20 Which is highly expressed on B cells and highly expressed on B cell tumours . Rituximab is a very effective therapy when rituximab binds to CD20 on the B cell It induces apoptosis . The problem with this therapy is it kills normal B Cells, If not careful the patient can become immunosuppressed

Question 13

what are the disadvantages of adaptive T cell therapy

Answer 13

expensive and complex

Question 14

what is adaptive T cell therapy

Answer 14

Take the effector cell that can destroy cancer that is the T cell and improve It is killing ability by In vitro stimulation. There are 3 ways to do this :
1. tumour infiltrating lymphocytes
2.CART
3.T cells
For all Steps, It Is Important the patient is conditioned.

Question 15

what is conditioning

Answer 15

purposely making the patient immunosuppressed so engineered T cells will expand in the body

Question 16

what are the two ways to isolate and modify T cells

Answer 16

1. clone a T cell receptor

2. chimeric antigen receptor CAR

Question 17

what is clone a T cell receptor

Answer 17

cloning a T cell which recognises the cancer antigen and clone it so more T cells can recognise the antigen

Question 18

what is chimeric antigen receptor CAR

Answer 18

modify the T cell to see a particular target on the surface of a tumour cell and using that very specifically as a target to get the T cell to grow and to become cytotoxic

Question 19

steps of CAR-T therapy

Answer 19

1. take blood from patient
2- Isolate the T cells
3 . Introduce CAR to T - cells
4- grow millions of cells
5. Infuse back Into the patient on the
understandingthat theywill bind to cancer cells and kill them

Question 20

CAR-T therapy is an important treatment in

Answer 20

leukaemia and lymphoma

Question 21

how does CAR-T cells work

Answer 21

modify the target on the T cell with CAR so when it comes into contact with the antigen the T cell become cytotoxic

Question 22

what is an advantage of CART cells

Answer 22

long lasting and keeps patients in remission

Question 23

what happens at the lymph nodes and the peripheral tissue in immune checkpoint inhibition

Answer 23

lymph nodes: dendritic cells receive an activation signal that helps T cells respond.

Peripheral tissues: can block T cells binding to MHC, PDL1 can switch off PD1 which makes treatment ineffective.

However, monoclonal antibodies can block interactions between PDL1 and PD1 by blocking CTLA-4 on dendritic cell

Question 24

what distinguishes between a cold and hot tumour

Answer 24

the microenvironment

Question 25

what is a tumour associated antigen referred to as

Answer 25

neoantigen

Question 26

why is neoantigen important

Answer 26

people with higher Neo-antigen rates produce better survival rates

Question 27

neoantigen depends on

Answer 27

1. micro immune environment

2. degree of expression of neoantigens within the tumour environment

Question 28

what is the biggest problem of immune checkpoint inhibition

Answer 28

autoimmunity