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interactions > introduction to cancer therapies 2 > Flashcards

introduction to cancer therapies 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what cancers are removed by surgery prevention

A

familial cancers

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2
Q

what is surgery for cancer cure

A

local control by total eradication of primary tumour and disease involving regional lymphatics

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3
Q

what is surgery for palliation

A

intervention techniques, endoscopic and radiological technology for disabling symptoms

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4
Q

what types of tumours can surgery cure

A

solid tumours where the tumour is confined to the anatomic site origin

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5
Q

what is the associated cancer of cryptorchidism what is the prophylactic treatment for

A

testicular and orchidopexy

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6
Q

what is the associated cancer of familial colon cancer what is the prophylactic treatment for

A

colon and colectomy

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7
Q

what is the associated cancer of ulcerative colitis what is the prophylactic treatment for

A

colon and colectomy

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8
Q

what is the associated cancer of multiple endocrine neoplasia what is the prophylactic treatment for

A

medullary cancer or the thyroid and thyroidectomy

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9
Q

what is the associated cancer for familial breast cancer, what is the prophylactic treatment

A

breast and mastectomy

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10
Q

what is the associated cancer for familial ovarian cancer, what is the prophylactic treatment

A

ovary and oophorectomy

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11
Q

what are tumour margin

A

removing some healthy cells in a patient without metatsis you need to be 100%, Creates a rim surrounding the cancer cells of healthy tissue

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12
Q

what is the normal tumour margin

A

2mm

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13
Q

what type of surgery is a lumpectomy

A

breast-conserving surgery-lumpectomy

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14
Q

what is a partial mastectomy

A

removing the cancer as well as the tumour margin

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15
Q

what is a modified radical masectomy

A

combines a mastectomy with the removal of lymph nodes under the arms

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16
Q

what are the advantages of robotic surgery

A
  1. more precision
  2. flexibility
  3. more control
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17
Q

robotic surgery is usually associated with what types of surgery

A

minimally invasive

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18
Q

what is the mechanism of radiotherapy

A

kills cells and induces DNA damage by ionising radiation which causes double strand breaks and breaks the bases which leads to cell death

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19
Q

what is radical radiotherapy

A

intent to cure either as a primary therapy or as an alternative to surgery

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20
Q

which type of radiotherapy is only for a localised disease

A

radical radiotherapy

21
Q

what is adjuvant radiotherapy?

A

aims to aid a curative Surgery by eradicating microscopic residual of the disease

22
Q

what is palliative radiotherapy

A

control of distressing symptoms, not curative improves quality of life

23
Q

what type of radiotherapy is not curative

A

palliative

24
Q

what are the characteristics of x-rays, gamma waves and election beams

A
  • great penetration
  • less scatter
  • delivers high energy to deep-seated tumours
25
Q

what is conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy?

A

shapes the beams to closely fit around the tumour

26
Q

what is fractionation

A

divides doses of treatment so it lasts multiple weeks

27
Q

what is the aim of fractionation

A

balance between targeting tumour and damaging tissues

28
Q

what is brachytherapy

A

use of radioactive sources implanted directly into the tumour

29
Q

what is a disadvantage of brachytherapy

A

risk to staff handling radioactive sources

30
Q

what is radioisotope therapy

A

initial treatment given orally or systemically by injection, can only be used in a tissue that will preferentially accumulate a specific isotope

31
Q

what type of radiotherapy can treat metastic breast cancer

A

radiosiotope

32
Q

what is proton therapy

A

uses protons instead of x-rays, high-energy proton beams, target tumours more precisely

33
Q

what are the positives of proton therapy

A

fewer short and long-term side effects

34
Q

what type of radiotherapy is effective in brain cancer

A

proton therapy

35
Q

how does the immune system respond to radiotherapy

A

radiotherapy induces release of tumour antigens which are processed by antigen-presenting cells that activate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes CTL. Recruited CTL attack primary or metastic tumour cells

36
Q

what are the molecular mechanisms contributing to a radio resistant phenotype

A
  • evasion of apoptosis
  • repopulation by cancer cells
  • hypoxia
  • expanded tumour subclones
  • immune evasion
  • altered cell cycle
  • enhanced DNA damage response
  • inflammation
  • altered mitochondrial and energy metabolism
37
Q

early side effects of radiotherapy occur when

A

2nd-3rd week

38
Q

what are the early effects of non-specific effects of radiotherapy

A

headache, depression and tiredness

39
Q

what are the specific effects of early effects

A

these are localised effects to the area being treated

40
Q

what are the late effects of radiotherapy

A
  • loss of stem cell
  • rare, not seen before 6 months
  • very rare induction of a new malignancy
41
Q

how can you manage neurological toxicity

A

through corticoisteroids

42
Q

how can you manage respiratory toxicity

A

management through bronchodliation

43
Q

how can you manage cardiac toxicity

A

through acetylsalicylic

44
Q

how can you manage gastrointestinal toxicity

A

through appropriate diet and anti-diarrhoea treatments

45
Q

how can you manage cystitis toxicity

A

management through NSAIDs for irritative voiding symptoms

46
Q

how can you manage radiation dermatitis toxicity

A

management through hydration ointments, topical steroids, no sun exposure

47
Q

how can you manage mucositis toxicity

A

management through analgesics, oral hygiene, treatment of infections

48
Q

how can you manage mucositis toxicity

A

management through analgesics, oral hygiene, treatment of infections

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