introduction to cancer therapies 2

Question 1

what cancers are removed by surgery prevention

Answer 1

familial cancers

Question 2

what is surgery for cancer cure

Answer 2

local control by total eradication of primary tumour and disease involving regional lymphatics

Question 3

what is surgery for palliation

Answer 3

intervention techniques, endoscopic and radiological technology for disabling symptoms

Question 4

what types of tumours can surgery cure

Answer 4

solid tumours where the tumour is confined to the anatomic site origin

Question 5

what is the associated cancer of cryptorchidism what is the prophylactic treatment for

Answer 5

testicular and orchidopexy

Question 6

what is the associated cancer of familial colon cancer what is the prophylactic treatment for

Answer 6

colon and colectomy

Question 7

what is the associated cancer of ulcerative colitis what is the prophylactic treatment for

Answer 7

colon and colectomy

Question 8

what is the associated cancer of multiple endocrine neoplasia what is the prophylactic treatment for

Answer 8

medullary cancer or the thyroid and thyroidectomy

Question 9

what is the associated cancer for familial breast cancer, what is the prophylactic treatment

Answer 9

breast and mastectomy

Question 10

what is the associated cancer for familial ovarian cancer, what is the prophylactic treatment

Answer 10

ovary and oophorectomy

Question 11

what are tumour margin

Answer 11

removing some healthy cells in a patient without metatsis you need to be 100%, Creates a rim surrounding the cancer cells of healthy tissue

Question 12

what is the normal tumour margin

Answer 12

2mm

Question 13

what type of surgery is a lumpectomy

Answer 13

breast-conserving surgery-lumpectomy

Question 14

what is a partial mastectomy

Answer 14

removing the cancer as well as the tumour margin

Question 15

what is a modified radical masectomy

Answer 15

combines a mastectomy with the removal of lymph nodes under the arms

Question 16

what are the advantages of robotic surgery

Answer 16

1. more precision
2. flexibility
3. more control

Question 17

robotic surgery is usually associated with what types of surgery

Answer 17

minimally invasive

Question 18

what is the mechanism of radiotherapy

Answer 18

kills cells and induces DNA damage by ionising radiation which causes double strand breaks and breaks the bases which leads to cell death

Question 19

what is radical radiotherapy

Answer 19

intent to cure either as a primary therapy or as an alternative to surgery

Question 20

which type of radiotherapy is only for a localised disease

Answer 20

radical radiotherapy

Question 21

what is adjuvant radiotherapy?

Answer 21

aims to aid a curative Surgery by eradicating microscopic residual of the disease

Question 22

what is palliative radiotherapy

Answer 22

control of distressing symptoms, not curative improves quality of life

Question 23

what type of radiotherapy is not curative

Answer 23

palliative

Question 24

what are the characteristics of x-rays, gamma waves and election beams

Answer 24

• great penetration
• less scatter
• delivers high energy to deep-seated tumours

Question 25

what is conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy?

Answer 25

shapes the beams to closely fit around the tumour

Question 26

what is fractionation

Answer 26

divides doses of treatment so it lasts multiple weeks

Question 27

what is the aim of fractionation

Answer 27

balance between targeting tumour and damaging tissues

Question 28

what is brachytherapy

Answer 28

use of radioactive sources implanted directly into the tumour

Question 29

what is a disadvantage of brachytherapy

Answer 29

risk to staff handling radioactive sources

Question 30

what is radioisotope therapy

Answer 30

initial treatment given orally or systemically by injection, can only be used in a tissue that will preferentially accumulate a specific isotope

Question 31

what type of radiotherapy can treat metastic breast cancer

Answer 31

radiosiotope

Question 32

what is proton therapy

Answer 32

uses protons instead of x-rays, high-energy proton beams, target tumours more precisely

Question 33

what are the positives of proton therapy

Answer 33

fewer short and long-term side effects

Question 34

what type of radiotherapy is effective in brain cancer

Answer 34

proton therapy

Question 35

how does the immune system respond to radiotherapy

Answer 35

radiotherapy induces release of tumour antigens which are processed by antigen-presenting cells that activate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes CTL. Recruited CTL attack primary or metastic tumour cells

Question 36

what are the molecular mechanisms contributing to a radio resistant phenotype

Answer 36

- evasion of apoptosis - repopulation by cancer cells - hypoxia - expanded tumour subclones - immune evasion - altered cell cycle - enhanced DNA damage response - inflammation - altered mitochondrial and energy metabolism

Question 37

early side effects of radiotherapy occur when

Answer 37

2nd-3rd week

Question 38

what are the early effects of non-specific effects of radiotherapy

Answer 38

headache, depression and tiredness

Question 39

what are the specific effects of early effects

Answer 39

these are localised effects to the area being treated

Question 40

what are the late effects of radiotherapy

Answer 40

- loss of stem cell - rare, not seen before 6 months - very rare induction of a new malignancy

Question 41

how can you manage neurological toxicity

Answer 41

through corticoisteroids

Question 42

how can you manage respiratory toxicity

Answer 42

management through bronchodliation

Question 43

how can you manage cardiac toxicity

Answer 43

through acetylsalicylic

Question 44

how can you manage gastrointestinal toxicity

Answer 44

through appropriate diet and anti-diarrhoea treatments

Question 45

how can you manage cystitis toxicity

Answer 45

management through NSAIDs for irritative voiding symptoms

Question 46

how can you manage radiation dermatitis toxicity

Answer 46

management through hydration ointments, topical steroids, no sun exposure

Question 47

how can you manage mucositis toxicity

Answer 47

management through analgesics, oral hygiene, treatment of infections

Question 48

how can you manage mucositis toxicity

Answer 48

management through analgesics, oral hygiene, treatment of infections