introduction to cancer therapies 2 Flashcards
what cancers are removed by surgery prevention
familial cancers
what is surgery for cancer cure
local control by total eradication of primary tumour and disease involving regional lymphatics
what is surgery for palliation
intervention techniques, endoscopic and radiological technology for disabling symptoms
what types of tumours can surgery cure
solid tumours where the tumour is confined to the anatomic site origin
what is the associated cancer of cryptorchidism what is the prophylactic treatment for
testicular and orchidopexy
what is the associated cancer of familial colon cancer what is the prophylactic treatment for
colon and colectomy
what is the associated cancer of ulcerative colitis what is the prophylactic treatment for
colon and colectomy
what is the associated cancer of multiple endocrine neoplasia what is the prophylactic treatment for
medullary cancer or the thyroid and thyroidectomy
what is the associated cancer for familial breast cancer, what is the prophylactic treatment
breast and mastectomy
what is the associated cancer for familial ovarian cancer, what is the prophylactic treatment
ovary and oophorectomy
what are tumour margin
removing some healthy cells in a patient without metatsis you need to be 100%, Creates a rim surrounding the cancer cells of healthy tissue
what is the normal tumour margin
2mm
what type of surgery is a lumpectomy
breast-conserving surgery-lumpectomy
what is a partial mastectomy
removing the cancer as well as the tumour margin
what is a modified radical masectomy
combines a mastectomy with the removal of lymph nodes under the arms
what are the advantages of robotic surgery
- more precision
- flexibility
- more control
robotic surgery is usually associated with what types of surgery
minimally invasive
what is the mechanism of radiotherapy
kills cells and induces DNA damage by ionising radiation which causes double strand breaks and breaks the bases which leads to cell death
what is radical radiotherapy
intent to cure either as a primary therapy or as an alternative to surgery
which type of radiotherapy is only for a localised disease
radical radiotherapy
what is adjuvant radiotherapy?
aims to aid a curative Surgery by eradicating microscopic residual of the disease
what is palliative radiotherapy
control of distressing symptoms, not curative improves quality of life
what type of radiotherapy is not curative
palliative
what are the characteristics of x-rays, gamma waves and election beams
- great penetration
- less scatter
- delivers high energy to deep-seated tumours
what is conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy?
shapes the beams to closely fit around the tumour
what is fractionation
divides doses of treatment so it lasts multiple weeks
what is the aim of fractionation
balance between targeting tumour and damaging tissues
what is brachytherapy
use of radioactive sources implanted directly into the tumour
what is a disadvantage of brachytherapy
risk to staff handling radioactive sources
what is radioisotope therapy
initial treatment given orally or systemically by injection, can only be used in a tissue that will preferentially accumulate a specific isotope
what type of radiotherapy can treat metastic breast cancer
radiosiotope
what is proton therapy
uses protons instead of x-rays, high-energy proton beams, target tumours more precisely
what are the positives of proton therapy
fewer short and long-term side effects
what type of radiotherapy is effective in brain cancer
proton therapy
how does the immune system respond to radiotherapy
radiotherapy induces release of tumour antigens which are processed by antigen-presenting cells that activate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes CTL. Recruited CTL attack primary or metastic tumour cells
what are the molecular mechanisms contributing to a radio resistant phenotype
- evasion of apoptosis
- repopulation by cancer cells
- hypoxia
- expanded tumour subclones
- immune evasion
- altered cell cycle
- enhanced DNA damage response
- inflammation
- altered mitochondrial and energy metabolism
early side effects of radiotherapy occur when
2nd-3rd week
what are the early effects of non-specific effects of radiotherapy
headache, depression and tiredness
what are the specific effects of early effects
these are localised effects to the area being treated
what are the late effects of radiotherapy
- loss of stem cell
- rare, not seen before 6 months
- very rare induction of a new malignancy
how can you manage neurological toxicity
through corticoisteroids
how can you manage respiratory toxicity
management through bronchodliation
how can you manage cardiac toxicity
through acetylsalicylic
how can you manage gastrointestinal toxicity
through appropriate diet and anti-diarrhoea treatments
how can you manage cystitis toxicity
management through NSAIDs for irritative voiding symptoms
how can you manage radiation dermatitis toxicity
management through hydration ointments, topical steroids, no sun exposure
how can you manage mucositis toxicity
management through analgesics, oral hygiene, treatment of infections
how can you manage mucositis toxicity
management through analgesics, oral hygiene, treatment of infections
