Pharmacology - Pharmacotherapeutics: Clinical Use of Drugs (Exam 1)

Question 1

When is a higher dose needed?

Answer 1

hypo-reactivity
tolerance
tachyphylaxis

Question 2

When is a lower dose needed?

Answer 2

hyper-reactivity
supersensitivity
hypersensitivity

Question 3

What are the 4 pharmaco- types of drug-drug interactions?

Answer 3

1. pharmaceutical
2. pharmacokinetic
3. pharmacodynamic
4. pharmacotherapeutic

Question 4

How do you get pharmaceutical drug-drug interactions?

Answer 4

physical or chemical incompatibilities
administration

Question 5

How do you get pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions?

Answer 5

absorption
distribution
transport
biotransformation
excretion

Question 6

How do you get pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions?

Answer 6

CNS depressants

Question 7

How do you get pharmacotherapeutic drug-drug interactions?

Answer 7

fixed dose combinations

Question 8

What are the other 4 types of drug-drug interactions?

Answer 8

1. antagonism
2. potentiation
3. summation
4. synergism

Question 9

During antagonism, there is _________ competition

Answer 9

receptor

Question 10

During antagonism, the combined use of antibiotics inhibit _______ _______ synthesis and _________ synthesis

Answer 10

cell wall; protein

Question 11

During antagonism, there is increased _________ _______ or excretion

Answer 11

metabolic inactivation

Question 12

During antagonism, there can be physiological antagonism such as CNS _________ and ________

Answer 12

stimulants; depressants

Question 13

(T/F) During potentiation, two drugs do NOT share similar effects, but one drug increases the effect of another drug

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Potentiation often occurs by increasing the active ________ of a drug

Answer 14

concentration

Question 15

During potentiation, local anesthetic action is enhanced and prolonged when administered with a ___________

Answer 15

vasoconstrictor

Question 16

The combined activities of 2 or more drugs that elicit identical or related effects

Answer 16

summation

Question 17

Summation can be….

Answer 17

additive
infra-additive (less)
supra-additive (more, but not greater than max. effect of either drug)

Question 18

The combination of 2 or more drugs produces effects greater than the summation of drug effects

Answer 18

synergism

Question 19

What does synergism minimize the development of?

Answer 19

drug resistance

Question 20

(T/F) Children should be thought of as mini adults

Answer 20

FALSE

Question 21

What are some environmental factors that affect drugs?

Answer 21

diet
temperature
indigenous microflora

Question 22

How many drug allergy types are there?

Answer 22

4

Question 23

-Disturbances appear in minutes or hours of taking drug
-IgE antibodies attach to mast cells and basophils
-Release of HA, LTE, cytokines, etc.
-GI cramps, erythema, urticaria, edema, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, increase in blood vessel permeability
-Epinephrine reverses severe responses

Answer 23

type 1 - anaphylactic response

Question 24

-Delayed and manifest from hours to days after drug exposure
-Causes by circulating IgG and IgM antibodies
-Plasma membrane constituent can be hapten carrier (ex: platelets) or complete antigen absorbed on membrane, Ig binding followed by complement fixation and cell lysis cocurs
-Drug induced hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

Answer 24

type 2 - cytotoxic reaction

Question 25

-Soluble antigen-antibody complexes form in intravascular or interstitial spaces
-Deposition of complexes on small blood vessel walls
-Complement activation and neutrophils migrate to area
-Degranulation of immune cells trying to remove complexes causing lysosomal enzymes
-Local tissue damage
-Looks like disease states (neuropathy, glomerulonephritis, etc.)
-Can also be cytotoxic like (type 2)

Answer 25

type 3 - immune complex reaction

Question 26

-Sensitized T lymphocytes exposed to drug hapten or conjugate; release lymphokines to attract more cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, cytotoxic T cells)
-Lysosomes and toxic lymphokines produce tissue damage
-Dentists experience this type of delayed rxn via contact dermatitis due to exposure to local anesthetics like procaine
-Now that amides are available, not as much

Answer 26

type 4 - cell mediated immunity

Question 27

Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma

Answer 27

type 1 - anaphylactic response

Question 28

Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia

Answer 28

type 2 - cytotoxic reaction

Question 29

Serum sickness, arthus reaction

Answer 29

type 3 - immune complex reaction

Question 30

Contact dermatitis, delayed hypersensitivity

Answer 30

type 4 - cell mediated immunity

Question 31

Indirect and often unpredictable consequences of a drug’s primary action

Answer 31

secondary reaction

Question 32

Any agent capable of altering DNA

Answer 32

potential carcinogen