Pharmacology - Antivirals and Antifungals (Exam 5) Flashcards
3 major antifungal drug classes
Polyenes
Azoles
Echinocandins
Other agents (not part of main antifungal drug classes)
Flucytosine
Thiocarbamate
Oxaborole
Griseofulvin
Fungi are characterized by a cell membrane containing ____________ and a cell wall
ergosterol
What does it mean to say something is dimorphism?
Exists as mold or yeast (Mold in the Cold, Yeast in the Heat)
Opportunistic mycoses cause infections in ___________________ pts
immunocompromised
Superficial infections can be treated with?
Topical drugs
Genetic material within an organic particle that invades living cells and uses their host’s metabolic processes to reproduce.
Virus
MOA of polyenes
Bind ergosterol
Alters membrane permeability
Cell leaks
Death
Drug of choice for oral candidal infections
Polyenes
Name some side effects of polyenes
No absorption from skin
Allergy
Hypokalemia
Examples of azoles
Imidazole
Triazoles
MOA of azole
Inhibit the synthesis of fungal ergosterol
Inhibits conversion of lanosterol -> ergosterol
Adverse effects of azoles
Hypokalemia
Liver dysfunction
Heart failure (rare)
Drug-drug interactions
Clinical uses for azoles
Fungal infections of the body and skin like athlete’s foot, oral candidiasis, and ringworm
Suffix of echinocandins
“-fungin”
MOA of echinocandins (KNOW THIS)
Inhibit synthesis of beta(1,3)-D-glucan
(an essential component of the fungal cell wall!!!)
Adverse effects of echindocandins
Common (like histamine-mediated symptoms), rash, facial swelling, and pruritus
Hepatic toxicity and hypokalemia
Clinical use of echinocandins
Invasive candiadiasis
The newest echinocandin
Anidulafungin
MOA of flucytosine (KNOW)
Inhibits DNA synthesis and production of defective RNA
T/F: Flucytosine is well absorbed from the GI tract
True
Adverse effects of flucytosine
Dose related and reversible depression of the bone marrow (anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia)
MOA of griseofulvin
Inhibits mitosis
3 types of oral candidiasis
- Acute
- Chronic
- Angular chelitis
4 major anti-viral drug classes
- Anti-influenza
- Anti-herpetic
- Anti-viral hepatitis
- Anti-HIV
MOA of anti-influenza drugs
Block the uncoating process
Inhibit viral neuraminidase activity
Approved anti-influenza drugs (3)
M2 blockers
N inhibitors
RdRp inhibitors
Suffix of anti-herpes drugs
“-clovir”
MOA of anti-herpes drugs
Inhibits DNA polymerase
T/F: Herpes simplex is not persistent, it will go away eventually
False!! It’s very persistent and it’s a lifelong illness
How many hepatitis viruses are there? Which ones are the most common?
5 viruses
B and C are most common
MOA of antiviral hepatitis B treatment
Inhibits DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase
Immune modulators (interferons)
MOA of interferons for antiviral hepatitis B treatment
Degrade RNA
Inhibit protein synthesis
Activate macrophages
T/F: There is no complete cure for hepatitis B
True
Adverse effects of hep B treatment
Increased pulse rate and temp
Decreased WBC count
Headache
Somnolence
Malaise
What is the purpose of PEGylation of interferons?
increase the half-life, so there is less frequent dosing
How is hep C transmitted?
Blood
Body fluids
Newest treatment for hep C that cures up to 90%
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs)
Suffix of anti-HIV drugs
“-vir”
“-navir”
“-tegravir”
Root of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
“vir” in middle
Suffix of protease inhibitors
“-navir”
Suffix of integrase stand transfer inhibitors
”–tegravir”
What is so special about HAART treatment?
Treatment regimen typically comprised of a combination of 3 or more antiretroviral drugs
HAART slide
