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D1 Spring > Pharmacology - Intro to ANS Drugs (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Pharmacology - Intro to ANS Drugs (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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2
Q

CNS =

A

brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system is for ________ movements while the ANS is for _________ movements

A

voluntary (skeletal muscle); involuntary

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4
Q

Origin of somatic nervous system

A

all levels of the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Origin of ANS - sympathetic

A

thoracic and lumbar level of spinal cord

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6
Q

Origin of ANS - parasympathetic

A

brain (cranial nerve nuclei) and sacral spinal cord

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7
Q

Describe length of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of SNS

A

Short preganglionic
Long postganglionic

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8
Q

Describe length of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of PNS

A

Long preganglionic
Short postganglionic

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9
Q

Preganlionic fibers of SNS synapse on 3 different ganglia. Name them

A

1) paravertebral
2) prevertebral
3) terminal

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10
Q

What are the paravertebral ganglion of the SNS? What are their targets?

A

Superior cervical ganglion (head and neck)

Superior, middle, and inferior ganglia (heart)

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11
Q

What are the prevertebral ganglion of the SNS? What are their targets?

A

Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric

(stomach, small intestine, colon)

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12
Q

What is the target of the terminal ganglion of the SNS?

A

Bladder
Rectum

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13
Q

Preganglionic fibers of the PNS arise from which cranial nerve nuclei?

A

CN III, VII, IX, and X

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14
Q

Preganglionic fibers of the PNS arise from which region of the spinal cord?

A

Sacral region

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15
Q

CN III has which ganglion? Where is it located?

A

Ciliary ganglion: in the orbit

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16
Q

CN VII has which ganglia? Where are they located?

A

Submandibular and sublingual ganglion: in submandibular and sublingual glands

Pterygopalatine ganglion: in lacrimal gland and mucus-secreting glands

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17
Q

CN IX has which ganglion? Where is it located?

A

Otic ganglion: parotid gland

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18
Q

Where are ganglia of CN X located?

A

Heart
Viscera of thorax and abdomen

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19
Q

What do neurons from sacral segments form?

A

Pelvic nerves

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20
Q

What ganglia do pelvic nerves synapse in? Where are these ganglia located?

A

Terminal ganglia: uterus, bladder, rectum, sex organs

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21
Q

Which system is “fight or flight” - a protecting mechanism to help cope with stress or get away from it?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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22
Q

Which system is involved with E activities? Name these activities

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Exercise
Excitement
Emergency
Embarassment

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23
Q

What symptoms are illustrated by a person who is threatened (sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight)?

A

Heart rate increases
Breathing rate increases
Skin is cold/sweaty
Pupils dilate

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24
Q

Which system is “rest and digest” - to maintain essential body functions, digestive processes, and elimination of wastes?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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25
Q

Which system is involved with D activities? Name these activities

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

Digestion
Defecation
Diuresis

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26
Q

What symptoms are illustrated by a person who relaxes after a meal (parasympathetic - rest and digest)?

A

Heart rate decreases
Breathing rate decreases
Skin is warm
Pupils constrict
GI activity increases

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27
Q

Sympathetic output is _______

A

Diffuse

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28
Q

Each sympathetic preganglionic fiber branches to make synapses with many ganglionic neurons

A

Divergence

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29
Q

Each ganglion cell may receive several preganglionic fibers

A

Convergence

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30
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers can give rise to ___________ fibers, innervating more than one ________ distributed in many parts of the body

A

postganglionic; organ

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31
Q

T/F: the SNS functions as a unit

A

True

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32
Q

Parasympathetic output is _________

A

Discrete

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33
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are not __________. They are directed to a _________ organ

A

branched; specific

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34
Q

Discrete parasympathetic fibers are activated __________, and the system functions to affect _______ ______

A

separately; specific organs

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35
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is organized for ________ and ______ activities

A

discrete; localized

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36
Q

T/F: most visceral organs are innervated by only the parasympathetic nervous system

A

False! They are innervated by both SNS and PNS

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37
Q

We can describe the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems as?

A

dynamic antagonisms

(precisely controls visceral activity)

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38
Q

Sympathetic fibers __________ heart and respiratory rates, and __________ digestion and elimination

A

increase; inhibit

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39
Q

Parasympathetic fibers __________ heart and respiratory rates, and __________ digestion and elimination

A

decrease; increase

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40
Q

Put the steps of synaptic transmission in the correct order
1. fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitters with membrane and release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
2. AP is generated causing depolarization.
3. Ca2+ enters the cell
4. Transmitters diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane to induce a response in postsynaptic neuron.

A

2, 3, 1, 4

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41
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

A

Achetylcholine (ACh) for both

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42
Q

What does ACh from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers bind to?

A

Nicotinic receptors

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43
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released from sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers?

A

Sympathetic: NE

Parasympathetic: ACh

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44
Q

What does NE from sympathetic postganglionic fibers bind to?

A

Adrenergic receptors

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45
Q

What does NE from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers bind to?

A

Muscarinic receptors

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46
Q

What are 4 parts of adrenergic neurotransmission?

A

Catecholamine synthesis
Adrenergic transmission
Adrenergic receptors
Catecholamine fate

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47
Q

Enzyme that converts phenylalanine -> tyrosine

A

phenylalanine hydroxylase

48
Q

Enzyme that converts tyrosine -> dihydroxyphenylalanine

A

tryosine hydroxylase

49
Q

Enzyme that converts dihydroxyphenylalanine -> norepinephrine

A

aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase

50
Q

Enzyme that converts norepinephrine -> epinephrine

A

phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

51
Q

Enzyme that converts dopamine -> norepinephrine

A

dopamine beta hydroxylase

52
Q

Put the steps of adrenergic neurotransmission in order:
1. Tyrosine is transported into adrenergic ending & converted to dopa by tyrosine hydroxylase and then to dopamine
2. AP causes influx of Ca2+ which causes vesicle to fuse with plasma membrane and NE is released.
3. Dopamine is transported into vesicles and converted to NE by dopamine-B-hydroxylase
4. Transmitter activates receptors in postsynaptic membrane.

A

1, 3, 2, 4

53
Q

What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha (a1, a2)
Beta (B1, B2, B3)

54
Q

Where are adrenergic receptors located?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic junctions where NE is released from postganglionic sympathetic nerves

55
Q

This adrenergic receptor is responsible for smooth muscle contraction (blood vessel constriction, radial muscle in iris contraction, GI and bladder sphincter contraction)

56
Q

This adrenergic receptor is found on the presynpase and responsible for negative feedback and inhibiting neurotransmitter release

57
Q

This adrenergic receptor is found on the heart (increase heart rate and contractility) and kidney (renin release)

58
Q

This adrenergic receptor is responsible for relaxation of visceral smooth muscle (dilate skeletal muscle blood vessels, relax bronchial smooth muscle, relax intestinal and bladder function)

59
Q

This adrenergic receptor is responsible for lipolysis in fat cells and detrusor muscle relaxation

60
Q

What happens to NE at adrenergic junctions?

A

most NE is removed from the synaptic cleft through reuptake to presynpatic neruons

61
Q

What happens to cytoplasmic NE that is not transported into synaptic vesicles?

A

Degraded by monoamine oxidase

62
Q

Put the steps of cholinergic transmission in order:
1. Ach is hydrolyzed by acetylcholine-esterase; terminating the action of the neurotransmitter
2. Ach binds to and activates postsynaptic Ach receptors
3. Once synthesized, Ach is transported into and packaged into vesicles
4. Ach is synthesized from acetyl CoA and choline through catalytic action of of choline acetyl transferase
5. AP triggers influx of Ca2+ and facilitates fusion of vesicles w/ terminal membrane and causes release of Ach into synaptic space.

A

4, 3, 5, 2, 1

63
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located? What are they innervated by?

A

Effector cells (heart, smooth muscle, secretory glands)

Innervated by postganglionic parasympthatic nerves

64
Q

How many subtypes of muscarinic receptors are there?

65
Q

What kind of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors

66
Q

Where are nictonic receptors located?

A

Postganglionic nerve cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia, medulla, and skeletal muscle in the somatic nervous system

67
Q

What kind of receptors are nicotinic receptors?

A

Ligand gated ion channels

68
Q

Locations of M1, M2, and M3 (subtypes of muscarinic receptors)

A

M1: stomach and enteric system
M2: heart
M3: eye, glands, lungs, and vascular endothelium

69
Q

What happens when M1 receptors are stimulated?

A

Increased secretions along GI tract

70
Q

What happens when M2 receptors are activated?

A

Decreased contracility of heart/heart rate

71
Q

What happens when M3 receptors are stimulated?

A

-Circular muscle contraction (pupillary constriction)
-Excretions from nose, tears from eyes, defecation, and urination
-Bronchoconstriction

72
Q

How many subtypes of dopamine receptors are there?

73
Q

What kind of receptors are dopamine receptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors

74
Q

Where do dopamine receptors play important roles?

75
Q

Where are some D4 receptors found?

76
Q

What do D4 receptors in the heart do?

A

Increase myocardial contractility and cardiac output

Do NOT change heart rate

77
Q

Dopamine receptors can be present in the nephron of the kidney. What is the action of these receptors?

A

Diuresis and natriuresis

78
Q

Which cells in the kidney have the highest density of dopamine receptors?

A

Proximal tubule epithelial cells

79
Q

Where are purinergic nerves found?

A

GI tract, vasculature, lungs, bladder, and CNS

80
Q

ATP is stored in vesicles in purinergic nerve endings and activates ______ receptors when released

A

P2 (purinergic receptor)

81
Q

ATP can be broken down to adenosine. Adenosine activates what kind of receptors?

A

P1 (adenosine receptor)

82
Q

How many types of P1 receptors are there?

83
Q

How many groups of P2 receptors are there?

84
Q

Adenosine can regulate the release of ________ through a feedback mechanism

85
Q

ATP acts as a _________________ with NE and Ach

A

co-transmitter

86
Q

Release of more than one neurotransmitter from the same nerve terminal may result in __________ or _________ actions

A

synergistic; opposite

87
Q

Various peptide ____________ are released with classic ANS transmitters

A

co-transmitters

88
Q

When co-transmitter release occurs, substances may have slightly different
functions, one functioning as _________________ and the other acting as a ____________________. They may also act cooperatively as transmitters to elicit physiologic response

A

neurotransmitter and neuromodulator

89
Q

This type of receptor acts directly on the channel protein

A

Ion channel-linked receptor

90
Q

Ion channel-linked receptors are also __________ receptors

91
Q

How are G protein-linked receptors (GPCRs) coupled to the ion channel?

A

Through a G protein

92
Q

What does coupling a G protein to a GPCR modulate?

A

Formation of diffusible 2nd messengers

93
Q

What are some of the other 2nd messenger systems?

A

-cGMP
-Ca2+
-Calmodulin
-Nitric oxide
-Prostanoids
-Peptides

94
Q

What 2 things contribute to the regulation of blood pressure?

A

Spinal cord
Brainstem

95
Q

The main integration center for the ANS is the _______.

A

hypothalamus

96
Q

Name the 4 mechanisms of action of agonism

A
  1. Receptor agonists (direct)
  2. Facilitate release
  3. Block reuptake
  4. Affect metabolism
97
Q

Drugs that enhance neurotransmission

98
Q

Name the 5 mechanisms of action of antagonism

A
  1. Inhibit synthesis
  2. Inhibit release
  3. Disrupt vesicular transport and storage
  4. Receptor antagonists (direct)
  5. Affect metabolism
99
Q

Drugs that inhibit neurotransmission

A

Antagonists

100
Q

What type of drugs are agonists and antagonists?

A

Autonomic drugs

101
Q

What type of drugs are sympathomimetics and sympatholytics?

A

Sympathetic drugs

102
Q

Drugs that enhance or mimic noradrenergic transmission

A

Sympathomimetic

103
Q

Drugs that reduce noradrenergic transmission

A

Sympatholytic

104
Q

Name the 3 mechanisms of action of sympathomimetics

A
  1. Facilitate release
  2. Block reuptake
  3. Receptor agonists
105
Q

Name the 4 mechanisms of action of sympatholytics

A
  1. Inhibit synthesis
  2. Disrupt vesicular transport and storage
  3. Inhibit release
  4. Receptor antagonists
106
Q

Drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission

A

Parasympathomimetic

107
Q

Drugs that inhibit cholinergic transmission

A

Parasympatholytic

108
Q

What type of drugs are parasympathomimetic and parasympatholytic?

A

Parasympathetic drugs

109
Q

Name the 3 mechanisms of action of parasympathomimetic drugs

A
  1. Nicotinic receptor agonist
  2. Muscarinic receptor agonist
  3. Cholinesterase inhibitor
110
Q

Name the 6 mechanisms of action of parasympatholytic drugs

A
  1. Inhibit vesicular ACh transport
  2. Inhibit exocytotic release
  3. Nicotinic receptor antagonists
  4. Muscarinic receptor antagonists
  5. Inhibit high-affinity choline transport
  6. Inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase
111
Q

What is the key neurotransmitter facilitating the preganglionic synpase in the SNS and PNS?

112
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released from PNS postganglionic neurons?

113
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released from SNS postganglionic nerves?

114
Q

How does NE produce its effects?

A

Activating alpha and/or Beta adrenergic receptors on organs and tissues

115
Q

How does ACh produce its effects?

A

Activating nicotinic or muscarinic receptors on nerves, organs, or tissues

116
Q

What contributes to significant regulatory effects of autonomic function?

117
Q

What do medications that affect the ANS often mimic or block the actions of?

D1 Spring (47 decks)

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