Pharmacology - Intro to ANS Drugs (Exam 2) Flashcards
1
Q
What makes up the ANS
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
2
Q
CNS =
A
brain + spinal cord
3
Q
Somatic nervous system is for ________ movements while the ANS is for _________ movements
A
voluntary (skeletal muscle); involuntary
4
Q
Origin of somatic nervous system
A
all levels of the brain and spinal cord
5
Q
Origin of ANS - sympathetic
A
thoracic and lumbar level of spinal cord
6
Q
Origin of ANS - parasympathetic
A
brain (cranial nerve nuclei) and sacral spinal cord
7
Q
Describe length of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of SNS
A
Short preganglionic
Long postganglionic
8
Q
Describe length of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of PNS
A
Long preganglionic
Short postganglionic
9
Q
Preganlionic fibers of SNS synapse on 3 different ganglia. Name them
A
1) paravertebral
2) prevertebral
3) terminal
10
Q
What are the paravertebral ganglion of the SNS? What are their targets?
A
Superior cervical ganglion (head and neck)
Superior, middle, and inferior ganglia (heart)
11
Q
What are the prevertebral ganglion of the SNS? What are their targets?
A
Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
(stomach, small intestine, colon)
12
Q
What is the target of the terminal ganglion of the SNS?
A
Bladder
Rectum
13
Q
Preganglionic fibers of the PNS arise from which cranial nerve nuclei?
A
CN III, VII, IX, and X
14
Q
Preganglionic fibers of the PNS arise from which region of the spinal cord?
A
Sacral region
15
Q
CN III has which ganglion? Where is it located?
A
Ciliary ganglion: in the orbit
16
Q
CN VII has which ganglia? Where are they located?
A
Submandibular and sublingual ganglion: in submandibular and sublingual glands
Pterygopalatine ganglion: in lacrimal gland and mucus-secreting glands
17
Q
CN IX has which ganglion? Where is it located?
A
Otic ganglion: parotid gland
18
Q
Where are ganglia of CN X located?
A
Heart
Viscera of thorax and abdomen
19
Q
What do neurons from sacral segments form?
A
Pelvic nerves
20
Q
What ganglia do pelvic nerves synapse in? Where are these ganglia located?
A
Terminal ganglia: uterus, bladder, rectum, sex organs
21
Q
Which system is “fight or flight” - a protecting mechanism to help cope with stress or get away from it?
A
Sympathetic nervous system
22
Q
Which system is involved with E activities? Name these activities
A
Sympathetic nervous system
Exercise
Excitement
Emergency
Embarassment
23
Q
What symptoms are illustrated by a person who is threatened (sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight)?
A
Heart rate increases
Breathing rate increases
Skin is cold/sweaty
Pupils dilate
24
Q
Which system is “rest and digest” - to maintain essential body functions, digestive processes, and elimination of wastes?
A
Parasympathetic nervous system
25
Which system is involved with D activities? Name these activities
Parasympathetic nervous system
Digestion
Defecation
Diuresis
26
What symptoms are illustrated by a person who relaxes after a meal (parasympathetic - rest and digest)?
Heart rate decreases
Breathing rate decreases
Skin is warm
Pupils constrict
GI activity increases
27
Sympathetic output is _______
Diffuse
28
Each sympathetic preganglionic fiber branches to make synapses with many ganglionic neurons
Divergence
29
Each ganglion cell may receive several preganglionic fibers
Convergence
30
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers can give rise to ___________ fibers, innervating more than one ________ distributed in many parts of the body
postganglionic; organ
31
T/F: the SNS functions as a unit
True
32
Parasympathetic output is _________
Discrete
33
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are not __________. They are directed to a _________ organ
branched; specific
34
Discrete parasympathetic fibers are activated __________, and the system functions to affect _______ ______
separately; specific organs
35
The parasympathetic nervous system is organized for ________ and ______ activities
discrete; localized
36
T/F: most visceral organs are innervated by only the parasympathetic nervous system
False! They are innervated by both SNS and PNS
37
We can describe the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems as?
dynamic antagonisms
(precisely controls visceral activity)
38
Sympathetic fibers __________ heart and respiratory rates, and __________ digestion and elimination
increase; inhibit
39
Parasympathetic fibers __________ heart and respiratory rates, and __________ digestion and elimination
decrease; increase
40
Put the steps of synaptic transmission in the correct order
1. fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitters with membrane and release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
2. AP is generated causing depolarization.
3. Ca2+ enters the cell
4. Transmitters diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane to induce a response in postsynaptic neuron.
2, 3, 1, 4
41
Which neurotransmitters are released from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?
Achetylcholine (ACh) for both
42
What does ACh from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers bind to?
Nicotinic receptors
43
Which neurotransmitters are released from sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers?
Sympathetic: NE
Parasympathetic: ACh
44
What does NE from sympathetic postganglionic fibers bind to?
Adrenergic receptors
45
What does NE from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers bind to?
Muscarinic receptors
46
What are 4 parts of adrenergic neurotransmission?
Catecholamine synthesis
Adrenergic transmission
Adrenergic receptors
Catecholamine fate
47
Enzyme that converts phenylalanine -> tyrosine
phenylalanine hydroxylase
48
Enzyme that converts tyrosine -> dihydroxyphenylalanine
tryosine hydroxylase
49
Enzyme that converts dihydroxyphenylalanine -> norepinephrine
aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase
50
Enzyme that converts norepinephrine -> epinephrine
phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
51
Enzyme that converts dopamine -> norepinephrine
dopamine beta hydroxylase
52
Put the steps of adrenergic neurotransmission in order:
1. Tyrosine is transported into adrenergic ending & converted to dopa by tyrosine hydroxylase and then to dopamine
2. AP causes influx of Ca2+ which causes vesicle to fuse with plasma membrane and NE is released.
3. Dopamine is transported into vesicles and converted to NE by dopamine-B-hydroxylase
4. Transmitter activates receptors in postsynaptic membrane.
1, 3, 2, 4
53
What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors?
Alpha (a1, a2)
Beta (B1, B2, B3)
54
Where are adrenergic receptors located?
Postganglionic sympathetic junctions where NE is released from postganglionic sympathetic nerves
55
This adrenergic receptor is responsible for smooth muscle contraction (blood vessel constriction, radial muscle in iris contraction, GI and bladder sphincter contraction)
alpha 1
56
This adrenergic receptor is found on the presynpase and responsible for negative feedback and inhibiting neurotransmitter release
alpha 2
57
This adrenergic receptor is found on the heart (increase heart rate and contractility) and kidney (renin release)
Beta 1
58
This adrenergic receptor is responsible for relaxation of visceral smooth muscle (dilate skeletal muscle blood vessels, relax bronchial smooth muscle, relax intestinal and bladder function)
Beta 2
59
This adrenergic receptor is responsible for lipolysis in fat cells and detrusor muscle relaxation
Beta 3
60
What happens to NE at adrenergic junctions?
most NE is removed from the synaptic cleft through reuptake to presynpatic neruons
61
What happens to cytoplasmic NE that is not transported into synaptic vesicles?
Degraded by monoamine oxidase
62
Put the steps of cholinergic transmission in order:
1. Ach is hydrolyzed by acetylcholine-esterase; terminating the action of the neurotransmitter
2. Ach binds to and activates postsynaptic Ach receptors
3. Once synthesized, Ach is transported into and packaged into vesicles
4. Ach is synthesized from acetyl CoA and choline through catalytic action of of choline acetyl transferase
5. AP triggers influx of Ca2+ and facilitates fusion of vesicles w/ terminal membrane and causes release of Ach into synaptic space.
4, 3, 5, 2, 1
63
Where are muscarinic receptors located? What are they innervated by?
Effector cells (heart, smooth muscle, secretory glands)
Innervated by postganglionic parasympthatic nerves
64
How many subtypes of muscarinic receptors are there?
5 (M1-M5)
65
What kind of receptors are muscarinic receptors?
G protein coupled receptors
66
Where are nictonic receptors located?
Postganglionic nerve cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia, medulla, and skeletal muscle in the somatic nervous system
67
What kind of receptors are nicotinic receptors?
Ligand gated ion channels
68
Locations of M1, M2, and M3 (subtypes of muscarinic receptors)
M1: stomach and enteric system
M2: heart
M3: eye, glands, lungs, and vascular endothelium
69
What happens when M1 receptors are stimulated?
Increased secretions along GI tract
70
What happens when M2 receptors are activated?
Decreased contracility of heart/heart rate
71
What happens when M3 receptors are stimulated?
-Circular muscle contraction (pupillary constriction)
-Excretions from nose, tears from eyes, defecation, and urination
-Bronchoconstriction
72
How many subtypes of dopamine receptors are there?
5 (D1-D5)
73
What kind of receptors are dopamine receptors?
G protein coupled receptors
74
Where do dopamine receptors play important roles?
CNS
75
Where are some D4 receptors found?
Heart
76
What do D4 receptors in the heart do?
Increase myocardial contractility and cardiac output
Do NOT change heart rate
77
Dopamine receptors can be present in the nephron of the kidney. What is the action of these receptors?
Diuresis and natriuresis
78
Which cells in the kidney have the highest density of dopamine receptors?
Proximal tubule epithelial cells
79
Where are purinergic nerves found?
GI tract, vasculature, lungs, bladder, and CNS
80
ATP is stored in vesicles in purinergic nerve endings and activates ______ receptors when released
P2 (purinergic receptor)
81
ATP can be broken down to adenosine. Adenosine activates what kind of receptors?
P1 (adenosine receptor)
82
How many types of P1 receptors are there?
4
83
How many groups of P2 receptors are there?
2
84
Adenosine can regulate the release of ________ through a feedback mechanism
NE
85
ATP acts as a _________________ with NE and Ach
co-transmitter
86
Release of more than one neurotransmitter from the same nerve terminal may result in __________ or _________ actions
synergistic; opposite
87
Various peptide ____________ are released with classic ANS transmitters
co-transmitters
88
When co-transmitter release occurs, substances may have slightly different
functions, one functioning as _________________ and the other acting as a ____________________. They may also act cooperatively as transmitters to elicit physiologic response
neurotransmitter and neuromodulator
89
This type of receptor acts directly on the channel protein
Ion channel-linked receptor
90
Ion channel-linked receptors are also __________ receptors
nicotinic
91
How are G protein-linked receptors (GPCRs) coupled to the ion channel?
Through a G protein
92
What does coupling a G protein to a GPCR modulate?
Formation of diffusible 2nd messengers
93
What are some of the other 2nd messenger systems?
-cGMP
-Ca2+
-Calmodulin
-Nitric oxide
-Prostanoids
-Peptides
94
What 2 things contribute to the regulation of blood pressure?
Spinal cord
Brainstem
95
The main integration center for the ANS is the _______.
hypothalamus
96
Name the 4 mechanisms of action of agonism
1. Receptor agonists (direct)
2. Facilitate release
3. Block reuptake
4. Affect metabolism
97
Drugs that enhance neurotransmission
Agonists
98
Name the 5 mechanisms of action of antagonism
1. Inhibit synthesis
2. Inhibit release
3. Disrupt vesicular transport and storage
4. Receptor antagonists (direct)
5. Affect metabolism
99
Drugs that inhibit neurotransmission
Antagonists
100
What type of drugs are agonists and antagonists?
Autonomic drugs
101
What type of drugs are sympathomimetics and sympatholytics?
Sympathetic drugs
102
Drugs that enhance or mimic noradrenergic transmission
Sympathomimetic
103
Drugs that reduce noradrenergic transmission
Sympatholytic
104
Name the 3 mechanisms of action of sympathomimetics
1. Facilitate release
2. Block reuptake
3. Receptor agonists
105
Name the 4 mechanisms of action of sympatholytics
1. Inhibit synthesis
2. Disrupt vesicular transport and storage
3. Inhibit release
4. Receptor antagonists
106
Drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission
Parasympathomimetic
107
Drugs that inhibit cholinergic transmission
Parasympatholytic
108
What type of drugs are parasympathomimetic and parasympatholytic?
Parasympathetic drugs
109
Name the 3 mechanisms of action of parasympathomimetic drugs
1. Nicotinic receptor agonist
2. Muscarinic receptor agonist
3. Cholinesterase inhibitor
110
Name the 6 mechanisms of action of parasympatholytic drugs
1. Inhibit vesicular ACh transport
2. Inhibit exocytotic release
3. Nicotinic receptor antagonists
4. Muscarinic receptor antagonists
5. Inhibit high-affinity choline transport
6. Inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase
111
What is the key neurotransmitter facilitating the preganglionic synpase in the SNS and PNS?
ACh
112
What is the neurotransmitter released from PNS postganglionic neurons?
ACh
113
What is the neurotransmitter released from SNS postganglionic nerves?
NE
114
How does NE produce its effects?
Activating alpha and/or Beta adrenergic receptors on organs and tissues
115
How does ACh produce its effects?
Activating nicotinic or muscarinic receptors on nerves, organs, or tissues
116
What contributes to significant regulatory effects of autonomic function?
CNS
117
What do medications that affect the ANS often mimic or block the actions of?
Ach or NE
