Pharm Exam 1

Question 1

What term refers to an exogenous chemical agent used to modify physiology?

Answer 1

Drug

Question 2

What term refers to the study of the use of chemical agents for therapeutic purposes?

Answer 2

Pharmacology

Question 3

What term refers to adverse effects of a drug?

Answer 3

Toxicology

Question 4

What term refers to a site of action/target of a drug?

Answer 4

Receptor

Question 5

What is a drug that mimics/stimulates a biological effect called?

Answer 5

Agonist

Question 6

What is a drug that inhibits a biological effect called?

Answer 6

Antagonist

Question 7

What term describes what the drug does to the body?

Answer 7

Pharmacodynamics

Question 8

What are examples of pharmacodynamics?

Answer 8

Therapeutic effect and toxic effect

Question 9

What term describes what the body does to the drug?

Answer 9

Pharmacokinetics

Question 10

What are examples of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 10

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Question 11

What term refers to the study of how a drug acts to achieve a response by altering or modifying existing physiologic or pathologic processes?

Answer 11

Pharmacodynamics

Question 12

Drug actions are ___________

Answer 12

Specific

Question 13

Basic principle: drugs have _______ molecular targets/receptors in the body

Answer 13

Specific

Question 14

What are the 5 classifications of receptors?

Answer 14

1. Ion channel-linked receptor
2. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
3. Receptor with intrinsic enzyme activity
4. Receptor with associated enzyme activity
5. Intracellular receptor

Question 15

What are the 2 types of ion channel-linked receptors?

Answer 15

1. Voltage gated ion channel
2. Ionotropic (ligand-gated) ion channel

Question 16

What do ion channel-linked receptors control?

Answer 16

Flow of ions from outside cell to inside cell

Question 17

Where are ion channel-linked receptors found?

Answer 17

On cell surface

Question 18

What determines if the ion channel is open or closed?

Answer 18

Whether or not the ligand is bound to the ion channel-linked receptor

Question 19

What are ion-channel linked receptors made up of?

Answer 19

Multiple subunits

Question 20

How does binding of the ligand to an ion channel-linked receptor effect the cell membrane?

Answer 20

The membrane either depolarizes or hyperpolarizes

Question 21

What mediates the signaling of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)e?

Answer 21

G proteins

Question 22

How many times does a GPCR span the membrane?

Answer 22

7 times (it has 7 transmembrane domains)

Question 23

What is the largest family of receptors?

Answer 23

GPCR

Question 24

What kind of receptor is a target for 50-70% of drugs?

Answer 24

GPCR

Question 25

What kind of receptors are GPCRs?

Answer 25

Metabotropic receptors

Question 26

Where is a GPCR found?

Answer 26

Part of it is outside the cell, part of it is inside the cell

Question 27

What determines the activity of a G protein?

Answer 27

Whether or not a diphosphate or triphosphate is bound to it

Question 28

How many subunits does the G protein have?

Answer 28

3 (alpha, beta, gamma)

Question 29

The A subunit binds to _______. It activates effectors when ________ is bound; dissociated from BY subunits

Answer 29

guanine; GTP

Question 30

The B and Y subunits activate upon dissociation from _______ subunit. It activates effectors when ________.

Answer 30

alpha; free

Question 31

What are the 3 possible effectors?

Answer 31

adenylate cyclase PI3-kinase protein kinase C

Question 32

Have enzymatic activity that is part of the receptor itself

Answer 32

receptor with intrinsic enzyme activity

Question 33

Have enzymatic activity that is separate from the ligand binding domain

Answer 33

receptor with associated enzyme activity

Question 34

Which receptor has the following enzyme activities: tyrosine kinase tyrosine phosphate serine/threonine kinase guanylyl cyclase

Answer 34

receptor with intrinsic enzyme activity

Question 35

Which receptor has the following enzyme activities: janus kinase (JAK) signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)

Answer 35

receptor with associated enzyme activity

Question 36

For both receptors with intrinsic and associated enzyme activity, these receptors span the membrane with a ______________. The ligand binding domain is _______ the cell; the signaling domain is __________ the cell.

Answer 36

single stretch of amino acids outside; inside

Question 37

Where are intracellular receptors found?

Answer 37

inside the cell

Question 38

Ligand for intracellular receptors must be _______ so it can pass through the membrane to bind to the receptor

Answer 38

lipophilic

Question 39

Intracellular receptors mediate _____ ________

Answer 39

DNA transcription

Question 40

Activation time of ion channel

Answer 40

milliseconds

Question 41

Activation time of GPCR

Answer 41

seconds to minutes

Question 42

Activation time of receptor with intrinsic and associated enzyme activity

Answer 42

minutes to hours

Question 43

Activation time of intracellular receptor

Answer 43

hours to days

Question 44

Get _______ affinity from multiple points of interaction

Answer 44

higher

Question 45

Hydrophobic bonds are ________

Answer 45

weakest

Question 46

Hydrogen bonds _______ and mediated by ______

Answer 46

weak; H+

Question 47

Ionic bonds are most _________. They are also ______ and _______

Answer 47

common intermediate, reversible

Question 48

Covalent bonds are _________ and __________

Answer 48

strongest, irreversible

Question 49

What are the results of drug binding?

Answer 49

1. change in intracellular ions (thru ion channels) 2. produce small molecules (thru GPCRs) 3. protein phosphorylation (activates proteins) 4. DNA transcription (intracellular receptors)

Question 50

What are some small molecules that can be produced as a result of drug binding?

Answer 50

cAMP/cGMP PIP2 IP3 PKC intracellular Ca2+

Question 51

Elicits max. effect

Answer 51

full agonist

Question 52

Elicits less than max. effect (therefore less efficacious)

Answer 52

partial agonist

Question 53

Competes with ligand (agonist) for binding to receptor

Answer 53

competitive antagonist

Question 54

Binds to receptor with high affinity; there is no dissociation

Answer 54

non-competitive/irreversible antagonist

Question 55

Emax = no change EC50 = increases

Answer 55

competitive anatagonist

Question 56

Emax = decreases EC50 = no change

Answer 56

non-competitive/irreversible antagonist

Question 57

Acts like an antagonist, blocks tonic activity of a receptor, and reduces basal activity of a receptor

Answer 57

inverse agonist

Question 58

What describes the principal that not every receptor needs to be occupied to achieve maximal effect?

Answer 58

spare receptor theory

Question 59

What describes the physiology of amplification of signal transduction pathways

Answer 59

spare receptor theory

Question 60

Attenuated response that occurs with sustained stimulation with a drug (physiological)

Answer 60

tolerance

Question 61

Modifications of the receptor to minimize signaling (cellular)

Answer 61

desensitization

Question 62

Process by which the number of receptors is decreased (molecular)

Answer 62

downregulation