Pharmacology - Immunopharmacology (Exam 5) Flashcards
3 features of modulation
- Induction
- Enhancement
- Suppression
2 main components of the immune system
- Cells
- Immune mediators
Name 2 immune mediators
- Cytokines
- Humoral antibodies
Describe the basics of the immune system
Immune system is split into innate and adaptive immunity:
Innate = physical barriers + blood-borne
Adaptive (think specific!!) = B cells (humoral) + T cells (cell-mediated)
Purpose of physical barriers
Stops entry of pathogens
Purpose of B cells
Make antibodies that activate the complement cascade
(which in turn will activate an alternative pathway and activate innate immunity)
Function of T cells
Death of damaged or infected body cells
T/F innate and adaptive immunity work together
True
Activation of __________ is the necessary first step for the induction of adaptive immunity
APCs = monocytes, B cells, and DC’s
First encounter of a naive T cell w/ the antigen on a mature dendritic cell
Priming
B cell receptors are more specific. Why?
They can recognize secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structural features
Differences b/w MHC I and MHC II
MHC I = deliver peptides originating from cytosol
MHC II = deliver peptides from vesicular compartments
MHC I activates _____ cells while MHC II activates ______ cells
I - CD8 cytotoxic
II - CD4 helper and B cells
The variable region of Ig is called the?
Antibody segment - Fab
The six hypervariable regions in each arm of the antibody are ___________ to the antigen
Complementary
Predominant cells in acute inflammation
Neutrophils
Immune responses are usually initiated by an immediate inflammatory reaction resulting from the activation of ____________ factors
Soluble
When helper T cells are activated, they have 2 actions. What are they?
- activate cytokines
- activate B cells to make antibodies
An antigen receptor formed is rigorously tested against?
Self-peptides
Two methods that effector cells use to kill targets
- apoptosis - caspases
- cytolysis - granzymes
These cells mediate direct cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
NK cells
When NK cells interact with tumor cells, they lose cytotoxicity but gain the ability to secrete cytokines, a concept that has been coined
Split anergy
2 methods to terminate immune responses
- propiocidal apoptosis
- immune regulation & suppression
The largest and most important part of the immune system
mucosal immune system
Name 3 cells found throughout the mucosa
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
The mucosal antibody
IgA!!
donor was immunized with an antigen, and a recipient host was then injected with the protective antibodies generated by the donor
passive immunization
The suffix of the monoclonal antibody tells us the % of human. (KNOW THIS)
-omab
-ximab
-zumab
-umab
omab = 0%
ximab = 65%
zumab = >90%
umab = 100%
Examples of immunophilin ligands (3)
- Cyclosporine
- Tacrolimus
- Sirolimus
MOA of immunophilin ligands
Bind Cyclophines
Thalidomide and lenalidomide have powerful ____________ effects
teratogenic
MOA of cytotoxic drugs
Kill lymphocytes
Interfere w/ proliferative stage of immune response
Interleukins can treat
hematopoietic deficiencies
Interleukins can treat __________ at high doses, but they treat ___________ at low doses
cancer; autoimmune diseases
Difference b/w TH1 and TH2 cytokines
TH1 - cytosolic
TH2 - extracellular
When dendritic cell encounters cancer, it activates?
T helper cell or cytotoxic
Tumors promote the expansion of suppressor cells like
Treg and myeloid-derived suppressor cells
Tumor cells can express ________ which binds to ________ on T effector cells to induce exhaustion
PD-L1; PD-1
4 main immunotherapies for cancer treatment
- T cell receptors
- chimeric antigen receptor
- tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
- NK cells
T/F: Triazoles are more selective for fungal cyt P450 than imidazoles
True
How does a tumor induce immunosuppression?
- They will express suppressor cells like Treg and myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- The tumor cells will also express PDL-1 which binds to PD-1 on the dendritic cell
- This induces exhaustion
Bee venom is a good model for what kind of procedures?
Cytokine therapy
It’s associated w/ a TH2 -> TH1 shift and this favors IgG instead of IgE
How to recognize chimeric antibody
-xi root
Examples: infliximab, rituximab and abciximab
Chimeric antibodies contain __________ constant domain and ____________ variable domains.
human; mouse
Antigen exposure converts B cells into
lymphoblasts
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR/T cells) combine both antibody like recognition site with
T-cell activating function
Why are NK cells expanded and delivered to patients?
Eliminate cancer stem cells and differentiation of the remaining tumors to inhibit cancer metastasis
