Growth and Development Final Flashcards by A G

The tongue pushes from the ________________; cheek pushes from the ______________. The tongue also pushes ______________

inside out; outside in; forward

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T/F Crowding of mandibular incisors is normal

True

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T/F Self-correction of crowded mandibular incisors can occur due to tongue pressure

True

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In what scenario is there a decreased chance of crowding due to the eruption of laterals? What does this allow for?

> 6mm spacing between the primary canines & central incisors

Allows for correction via tongue, cheek, lips

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A habit that is not apart of feeding/survival and disrupts the balance

Parafunctional habit

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What is an example of a parafunctional habit?

Thumb sucking

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How does thumb sucking cause a posterior crossbite?

Depresses the tongue, which decreases the lateral push of the tongue on the maxillary molars

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What are the types of sucking responses?

Nutritive
Non-nutritive
Chronic

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Sucking of a digit or pacifier not related to the ingestion of nutrients

Non-nutritive response

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How prevalent is non-nutritive response in the 1st year of life?

50-70%

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When must the non-nutritive response stop?

By age 3

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What 3 things in order make non-nutritive sucking worse?

Duration > Magnitude > Frequency

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Continues after age 3 and causes distortion of dento-alveolar structures

Chronic response

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What are examples of distorted dento-alveolar structures as a result of the chronic response?

Increased overjet
Class II malocclusion
Posterior crossbite
Anterior open bite

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What is the MOST addictive and detrimental habit for babies?

Pacifier

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What are other things that can cause open occlusion?

Allergies, asthma, sleep disturbances

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Impact on occlusion?

Habits maintained < 12 months

NO adverse effects

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Impact on occlusion?

Habits maintained > 36-48 months

Altered occlusions

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Impact on occlusion?

Thumb sucking

Anterior openbite and increased overjet

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Impact on occlusion?

Pacifier

Posterior crossbite

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What has a worse impact on occlusion, bottle or breast?

Bottle

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Order of congenital missing teeth (ON EXAM)

Mandibular 2nd premolar > maxillary lateral incisors > maxillary 2nd premolars

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The tooth that is supposed to be erupted normally will over-erupt and the neighboring teeth of the congenitally missing tooth will lean mesial and distal filling the space

Result of infra-occlusion

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When will infra-occlusion occur?

At ages 11-12 you have infra-occlusion of .47mm (.5mm) that is telling us that the tooth might go into infra-occlusion in the long run

At ages 19-20, tooth has a good prognosis, and primary tooth will stay long term

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Are laterals the same height as centrals?

Supernumerary teeth often __________

fuse

Where are mesiodens located most often?

Palate

SLOB Rule stands for

Same-Lingual Opposite-Buccal

What do you do when you know there is an extra tooth in the patient's oral cavity but you do not know where in relation to the permanent tooth it is located? (SLOB rule)

1. Place the sensor in the patient's mouth. 2. Angle the Cone beam on the right side. 3. If the tooth moves to the left in the x-ray the beam and tooth are on OPPOSITE sides therefore it is located on the buccal.

Alteration of normal eruption path

Ectopic eruption

Can occur with any teeth; can occur when there is no space so the permanent tooth moves to wherever there is space

Ectopic eruption

Cessation of eruption due to a physical barrier

Impaction

Examples of impaction

Bone Soft tissue Iatrogenic

Cessation of eruption prior to emergence. Eruption is stopped before the gingiva is broken

Primary retention

Cessation after emergence

Secondary retention

Grade I-II of ectopic eruption of 1st permanent molar

Self-corrected (2/3 or 67% will self correct)

Grade III-IV of ectopic eruption of 1st permanent molar

Less likely to be self-corrected

What do you do if the permanent canine crown is pointed medial to the midline of the lateral incisor root?

Treatment must be planned immediately - extraction is the best option! (The permanent canine will find the correct placement if the deciduous lateral incisors are extracted)

20% of ectopic canine eruption results in what?

Root resorption of adjacent teeth

What are ectopic molars more common with?

E space preservation Mandibular = 1.7mm (on one side) Maxillary = 0.9mm (on one side)

The union of a tooth root to the alveolar bone due to the lack of periodontal ligament space

Ankylosis

What tooth is ankylosis most common in? (ON EXAM)

Mandibular 2nd deciduous molar

What are the characteristics of ankylosis teeth?

Submerged due to variable degree of root resorption Development of malocclusion, local periodontal disturbances and dental caries occur Lack of mobility Failure of tooth to move after ortho Malposition of adjacent teeth due to submersion

What should you NEVER do with an ankylosed tooth?

Put an ortho bracket on it (will cause all other teeth around it to move down to its level!!)

How to determine if there will be crowding or not

6mm+ = no crowding 3-6 mm = 20% crowding less than 3 mm = 50% crowding no spacing = 66% crowding crowding in primary means crowding in permanent

Primate spaces (maxillary and mandibular)

Maxillary = mesial to canine, distal to lateral Mandibular = mesial to 1st molar, distal to canine

When do you place a space maintainer?

ONLY if the permanent tooth is not erupted (you do not place space maintainer if tooth is very close to erupting or is erupting!)

What is a space maintainer for the 1st primary molar dependent on?

Eruption of the 1st permanent molar (if permanent tooth has erupted, no need to place space maintainer)

What is a space maintainer for the 2nd primary molar dependent on?

Eruption of the 1st and 2nd permanent molars (if they are already in occlusion, no need to place space maintainer)

T/F It is not probable that you will have to use a space maintainer in the anterior teeth in a child over the age of 5 or 6 because those permanent teeth will already be erupting

True

Predicts unerupted permanent teeth in the mixed dentition stage

Space analysis

First: Measure the total arch length, measure to the mesial side of the 1st permanent molar Second: Measure the widest area of all four of the incisors but only for the MANDIBULAR Third: Predicted Width, (sum of the incisors)/2 and then add 11 mm (maxillary) or 10.5 (mandibular); THEN multiply whatever you get times two

Tanaka-Johnson

Tanaka-Johnson equation

Available arch length = total arch length - sum of incisors - 2(predicted width)

Tanaka-Johnson + vs - result

+ = need space maintainer - = need space regainer

Types of malocclusion

1. Dental: simple (single tooth) vs compound (multiple teeth) 2. Complex: skeletal discrepancy 3. Compound and Complex: dental and skeletal component

Abnormal buccal-lingual relationship in centric relation

Crossbite

Midline undergoes a compensatory or habitual shift when the teeth occlude due to crossbite, can occur due to an early contact point

Functional shift

Molar relationship, canine relationship and overjet →Anterior crossbite

Sagittal relationship

Overbite/deep bite (positive #) vs open bite (negative #)

Vertical relationship

Posterior crossbite

Transverse relationship

Class II Division 1 bite

Pro-inclined

Class II Division 2 bite

Retro-inclined

4 principal physiological functions affecting the size and shape of the oral cavity

1. Swallowing 2. Mastication 3. Speech 4. Respiration (secondary to the nose)

Functions of the nose

1. Olfaction 2. Respiration 3. Filter 4. Sterilize 5. Control volume, temp, & humidity of air

Percentage of airway blocked; helps determine if sedation is an option

Brodsky score

Causes of airway disorders

1. Enlarged tonsils and head forward position (middle of the shoulder does not come at the same level as the ear canal) 2. Enlarged adenoid and tonsils 3. Enlarged turbinates: the same thing as the nasal concha 4. Deviated septum 5. Soft tissue dysfunction in a growing child can lead to abnormal facial growth and malocclusion

Adequate position of the TMJ in the articular eminence (anterior and superior position), relaxed muscles, independent of tooth position, pure rotations, position can be repeated

Centric relation

Good vs poor prognosis when opening jaw

Early problem = good Late problem = poor

Good vs poor prognosis when closing jaw

Early problem = poor Late problem = good