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APUSH > Peruod 8 1945-1952 3/31/2025 > Flashcards

Peruod 8 1945-1952 3/31/2025 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Truman Doctrine? When was it passed

A

A policy established in 1947 to implement containment against communism.

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2
Q

What prompted the Truman Doctrine?

A

The communist uprising in Greece and Soviet demands for the Dardanelles in Turkey.

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3
Q

How much financial aid was provided to Greece and Turkey under the Truman Doctrine?

A

$400 million.

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4
Q

What was the purpose of the aid under the Truman Doctrine?

A

To assist ‘free people’ against ‘totalitarian’ regimes.

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5
Q

What was the Marshall Plan?

A

A program established in 1947 that provided $12 billion in aid to Western Europe.

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6
Q

Why did the Soviets reject the Marshall Plan?

A

They were against capitalism.

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7
Q

What was one effect of the Marshall Plan by the 1950s?

A

Western Europe became self-sustaining.

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8
Q

What was a significant economic effect of the Marshall Plan on the U.S.?

A

Bolstered U.S. prosperity through increased exports.

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9
Q

What was the result of the Marshall Plan on U.S.-Soviet relations?

A

Increased rift and tension between the U.S. and Soviets.

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10
Q

What was the Berlin Airlift?

A

An operation where the U.S. dropped supplies into West Berlin during the Soviet blockade.

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11
Q

When did the Soviet blockade of Berlin occur?

A

In June 1948.

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12
Q

What was the outcome of the Berlin Airlift?

A

Stalin lifted the blockade in May 1949.

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13
Q

What is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

A

An alliance of ten European nations, the U.S., and Canada formed to work outside the Soviet Union’s veto power

NATO was established to provide collective defense against the Soviet threat.

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14
Q

Who was the Supreme Commander of NATO?

A

Eisenhower

Eisenhower played a crucial role in the establishment and leadership of NATO.

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15
Q

What was the Soviet response to NATO?

A

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact was a collective defense treaty among the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies.

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16
Q

What significant legislation was passed in 1947 related to national security?

A

National Security Act

This act led to the creation of the Department of Defense, the Air Force, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

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17
Q

What council was created to develop foreign policy during the Cold War?

A

National Security Council

The National Security Council was pivotal in shaping U.S. foreign policy in response to the Cold War.

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18
Q

What agency was established as part of the National Security Act?

A

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

The CIA was created to gather intelligence and conduct covert operations.

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19
Q

What major development in atomic weapons occurred in 1949?

A

Soviet Union Tests First Atomic Bomb

This event marked the beginning of the nuclear arms race during the Cold War.

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20
Q

What was the purpose of the secret report NSC-68 issued in 1950?

A

To outline the need for a strong military response to the Cold War

NSC-68 recommended a significant increase in defense spending.

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21
Q

By how much did the report NSC-68 propose to increase defense spending?

A

4x defense spending

This recommendation aimed to bolster U.S. military capabilities against the Soviet Union.

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22
Q

What percentage of GNP did NSC-68 suggest should be allocated to defense spending?

A

20% of GNP

This was a dramatic increase in military expenditure relative to the overall economy.

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23
Q

What was a key strategy to convince the public regarding defense spending?

A

Convince public spending was necessary

Public support was crucial for justifying increased military budgets.

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24
Q

What was a key objective of alliances with non-communist countries during the Cold War?

A

To counter Soviet influence

Alliances aimed to create a united front against the spread of communism.

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25
What significant nuclear weapon did the U.S. develop in 1952?
First Hydrogen Bomb ## Footnote The hydrogen bomb represented a significant escalation in nuclear capabilities.
26
When was the first test of the Hydrogen Bomb conducted?
1954 ## Footnote This test marked a new phase in the nuclear arms race.
27
When did the Soviets respond to the U.S. developing the Hydrogen Bomb?
Soviets respond in 1955 ## Footnote This response further intensified the arms race between the superpowers.
28
What event led to the execution of Tojo?
Tojo was executed following Japan's defeat in World War II. ## Footnote Hideki Tojo was the Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II and was tried for war crimes.
29
Who was the American general in charge of the occupation of Japan?
General Douglas MacArthur. ## Footnote MacArthur was responsible for overseeing the post-war reconstruction of Japan.
30
What significant political change occurred in Japan in 1947?
A new constitution was adopted, establishing a parliamentary democracy. ## Footnote This constitution, known as the post-war constitution, transformed Japan's political system.
31
What did Emperor Hirohito do in the new political context of Japan?
Emperor Hirohito gave up his claim to divinity. ## Footnote This was a significant shift in the role of the emperor in Japanese society.
32
What was a major restriction placed on Japan's military after World War II?
Japan's military was limited, relying on the US for protection. ## Footnote Japan adopted a pacifist constitution that restricted its military capabilities.
33
What treaties were established between the US and Japan post-World War II?
The US-Japanese Security Treaties. ## Footnote These treaties provided a framework for US military presence in Japan.
34
What territories did Japan surrender after World War II?
Japan surrendered Korea and Pacific islands. ## Footnote This surrender was part of the terms of Japan's defeat in the war.
35
In what global context did Japan become an ally after World War II?
Japan became an ally in the fight against communism. ## Footnote This alliance was particularly significant during the Cold War.
36
When did the Philippines gain independence?
July 4, 1946 ## Footnote This marked the end of American colonial rule in the Philippines.
37
What did the US retain in the Philippines after independence?
Naval bases ## Footnote The US maintained military presence through naval bases even after Philippine independence.
38
What was the duration of the Chinese Civil War?
1946-1950 ## Footnote This conflict was primarily between the Nationalists and the Communists.
39
Who did the US support during the Chinese Civil War?
Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek ## Footnote The US aimed to counteract the spread of communism by supporting Chiang.
40
How much aid did the US provide to Chiang Kai-shek?
$400 million ## Footnote This financial support was part of the US policy to bolster the Nationalists.
41
What are the two Chinas referred to in this context?
Taiwan (Formosa) and People's Republic of China ## Footnote Chiang retreated to Taiwan after losing to the Communists.
42
Who established the People's Republic of China?
Mao Zedong ## Footnote Mao became the leader after the Communist victory in 1949.
43
Did the US formally recognize the People's Republic of China?
No ## Footnote The US maintained recognition of Taiwan instead.
44
What significant agreement was formed between Stalin and Mao in 1950?
Sino-Soviet Pact ## Footnote This pact aimed to create a worldwide communist conspiracy.
45
What event led to the division of Korea?
Defeat of Japan ## Footnote Korea was divided into North and South following Japan's defeat in World War II.
46
Which country supported North Korea after its division?
Soviet Union ## Footnote The Soviet Union protected North Korea during the Cold War era.
47
Which country supported South Korea after its division?
United States ## Footnote The United States provided support to South Korea during the conflict.
48
What significant event occurred on June 25, 1950?
North Korea invades South Korea ## Footnote This invasion marked the start of the Korean War.
49
Why did the UN deploy forces to Korea?
Soviets were boycotting the UN ## Footnote The absence of the Soviet Union allowed the UN to act in defense of South Korea.
50
What was the name of the counterattack launched in September 1950?
Inchon Landing ## Footnote This operation was a pivotal moment in the Korean War, facilitating a counteroffensive against North Korean forces.
51
What was General MacArthur's campaign slogan?
"Home by Christmas" ## Footnote This slogan reflected MacArthur's optimistic view of the campaign's timeline.
52
What warning did China issue during the Korean War?
China would resist threats to its security ## Footnote This warning indicated China's intent to intervene if necessary.
53
Who was recalled for insubordination during the Korean War?
General MacArthur ## Footnote MacArthur publicly criticized U.S. policy, leading to his removal by President Truman.
54
What did the Korean War result in regarding military strategy?
Limited war ## Footnote The conflict exemplified a strategy of limited engagement, avoiding direct confrontation with China and the Soviet Union.
55
What was the armistice line established during the Korean War?
38th Parallel ## Footnote The 38th Parallel became the de facto boundary between North and South Korea.
56
What was the estimated death toll resulting from the Korean War?
2.5 million deaths ## Footnote This figure includes approximately 54,000 American casualties.
57
What new technology was introduced during the Korean War?
B-52 jet bomber ## Footnote The B-52 played a significant role in the air campaign during the war.
58
What policy was tested during the Korean War?
Containment Policy ## Footnote The Korean War was a critical test of the U.S. strategy to contain the spread of communism.
59
What did the Smith Act (1940) make illegal?
Advocating or teaching the overthrow of the government by force or belonging to an organization with this objective.
60
What was the outcome of the case Dennis v. U.S. (1951)?
It upheld the Smith Act and reinforced the prohibition against advocating government overthrow.
61
What does the McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) prohibit?
Supporting the establishment of a totalitarian government.
62
What employment restrictions were imposed by the McCarran Internal Security Act?
Restricted employment of communists.
63
What were created as a result of the McCarran Internal Security Act?
Detention camps for subversives.
64
What was the purpose of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)?
To look for communist influence in various sectors, including Hollywood and the Boy Scouts.
65
Fill in the blank: The Smith Act was enacted in _______.
1940
66
Fill in the blank: The McCarran Internal Security Act was enacted in _______.
1950
67
True or False: The Smith Act allowed for the teaching of overthrowing the government.
False
68
Who was Alger Hiss?
An official in the State Department falsely accused of being a Communist ## Footnote Hiss was prosecuted by Richard Nixon and convicted of perjury.
69
What does HUAC stand for?
House Un-American Activities Committee ## Footnote HUAC played a significant role in investigating alleged disloyalty and subversive activities.
70
In what year did HUAC investigate Alger Hiss?
1948 ## Footnote This investigation was part of the larger context of anti-communist sentiment in the post-World War II era.
71
What was the outcome of the prosecution of Alger Hiss?
Convicted of perjury ## Footnote Hiss's case became a symbol of the Red Scare and the fear of communism.
72
Who were Saul and Ethel Rosenberg?
Individuals found guilty of treason and executed ## Footnote Their case was tied to espionage related to atomic bomb secrets.
73
What led to the investigation of the Rosenbergs?
Investigation of Klaus Fuchs ## Footnote Fuchs had worked on the Manhattan Project and provided information to the Soviets.
74
What was Klaus Fuchs's role in the espionage cases?
He worked on the Manhattan Project ## Footnote His espionage activities were crucial in leading to the discovery of the Rosenbergs.
75
Fill in the blank: Alger Hiss was prosecuted by _______.
Richard Nixon
76
True or False: Saul and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of espionage.
False ## Footnote They were convicted of treason, not espionage.
77
Who was Joseph McCarthy?
Republican senator from Wisconsin
78
What did McCarthy target?
Federal bureaucracy and the Truman administration
79
How many communists did McCarthy claim were still working in the State Department?
205
80
What were the Army-McCarthy Hearings?
Televised hearings in 1954
81
What term describes McCarthy's tactics during the hearings?
Witch-hunt
82
What is Smith's Declaration of Conscience?
A statement that discredited McCarthy
83
What did Joseph McCarthy ACTUALLY do?
He bullied people to falsely testify they heard communist talk from another person
84
What was bad about the discrediting of McCarthy?
Some of the people McCarthy called out were actually communists but now they were cleared
85
What did Joseph McCarthy do?

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