Period 7 1898-1945 3/5/2025 Flashcards
What term did President Theodore Roosevelt use to refer to writers specializing in exposing political corruption?
Muckrakers
Muckrakers focused on underhanded schemes in politics, appealing to middle-class readers.
Who was one of the earliest muckrakers, known for exposing the corruption of Standard Oil?
Henry Lloyd
His book ‘Wealth Against Commonwealth’ was published in 1894.
What was the title of Henry Lloyd’s book that exposed the oil monopoly’s corruption?
‘Wealth Against Commonwealth’
The book highlighted the greed of Standard Oil but did not suggest control measures.
Who founded McClure’s Magazine in 1893?
Samuel McClure
The magazine became successful by publishing muckraking articles.
Which muckrakers contributed articles to McClure’s Magazine?
- Lincoln Steffens
- Ida Tarbell
They exposed various forms of political and economic corruption.
What book did Jacob Riis publish to showcase tenement life?
‘How The Other Half Lives’
Jacob Riis is recognized as one of the first photojournalists.
Fill in the blank: Muckrakers primarily wrote about _______ in politics.
underhanded schemes
This theme attracted middle-class readers.
True or False: Henry Lloyd suggested ways to control the corruption he exposed in Standard Oil.
False
Lloyd’s work highlighted issues but did not provide solutions.
What marked the decline of muckraking popularity after 1910?
Multiple factors contributed to the decline of muckraking, including increased difficulty in topping sensationalism, economic pressures on publishers, and corporations becoming aware of public image.
What challenges did writers face in the muckraking genre after 1910?
Writers found it more difficult to top the sensationalism of the last story.
What economic pressures did publishers face that affected muckraking?
Publishers faced economic pressures from banks and advertisers to tone down their treatment of business.
How did corporations respond to the rise of muckraking by 1910?
Corporations became more aware of their public image and began developing the field of public relations.
What lasting effects did muckraking have on the Progressive era?
Muckraking exposed inequities, educated the public about corruption, and prepared the way for corrective action.
What methods did Progressives advocate for increasing voter participation?
Methods for increasing participation included:
* Political reforms
* Direct primaries
* Secret ballots
* Direct election of senators
These reforms aimed to empower the average citizen in political decision-making.
How could political parties intimidate voters?
Political parties could intimidate voters by printing lists or tickets of party candidates and watching voters drop them into the ballot box.
This practice created pressure on voters to conform to party lines.
What was the first state to adopt a secret ballot system, and when did this happen?
Massachusetts was the first state to adopt a secret ballot system in 1888.
This system was successfully tried in Australia before being implemented in Massachusetts.
By what year was voting done using the secret ballot system in all states?
By 1910, voting in all states was done using the secret ballot system.
This marked a significant reform in protecting voter privacy.
What is the direct primary system introduced by Robert La Follette?
The direct primary system allows voters to directly nominate party candidates by majority vote.
This system was introduced in 1903 in Wisconsin.
Which state was the first to allow voters to elect U.S. senators directly, and in what year?
Nevada was the first state to allow direct election of U.S. senators in 1899.
This was an important step towards increasing democratic participation.
How many states had adopted the direct election of senators by 1912?
By 1912, 30 states had adopted the direct election of senators.
This reform was part of a broader movement for political reform.
What amendment required all U.S. Senators to be elected by popular vote?
The 17th Amendment required all U.S. Senators to be elected by popular vote.
This amendment was adopted in 1913.
What is the initiative?
A method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill
Initiatives are often proposed through amendments to state constitutions.
What is the referendum?
A method allowing citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on ballots
Referendums also arise from amendments to state constitutions.
What does the recall enable voters to do?
Remove a politician from office by majority vote before the official’s term has expired
The recall process is another measure proposed by Progressives to hold politicians accountable.
True or False: The initiative, referendum, and recall were proposed by Progressives to increase voter power.
True
These measures were intended to ensure that politicians adhered to the will of the people.
Who was the Republican mayor of Toledo, Ohio, in 1897 known for municipal reform?
Mayor Samuel M. ‘Golden Rule’ Jones
He was a self-made millionaire with strong memories of his origins as a workingman.
What was one of the key policies adopted by Mayor Samuel M. Jones?
‘Golden rule’ as both his policy and middle name
This principle delighted Toledo’s citizens.
Name three initiatives introduced by Samuel M. Jones in Toledo.
- Free kindergartens
- Night schools
- Public playgrounds
What did Cleveland, Ohio’s mayor Tom Johnson focus on?
Tax reform and 3-cent trolley fares
His efforts were part of the broader municipal reform movement.
By 1915, what percentage of the nation’s cities owned their own water systems?
67%
This ownership was a result of the Progressives’ efforts.
What types of public utilities did many cities come to own and operate due to municipal reform?
- Gas lines
- Electric power plants
- Urban transportation systems
What significant governmental change did Galveston, Texas, implement in 1900?
Adoption of a commission plan of government
This plan allowed voters to elect the heads of city departments.
By 1923, how many cities had adopted the manager-council plan of municipal government?
More than 300 cities
What was a key idea behind municipal reform?
Scientific management
This approach aimed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of city governance.
What did reform governors at the state level battle against?
Corporate interests
Reform governors aimed to give common people control of their government through initiatives, referendums, and direct primaries.
Who were prominent leaders in the social justice movement advocating for better social welfare?
Jane Addams, Frances Kelly
These leaders successfully lobbied for reforms such as better schools and juvenile courts.
What reforms did advocates push for regarding criminals?
Parole system, separate reformatories for juveniles, limits on the death penalty
Reformers believed that criminals could learn to become effective citizens.
True or False: Urban progressives and rural reformers had the same stance on alcohol prohibition.
False
Urban progressives wanted to keep the prohibition, while rural reformers wanted to abolish them.
By 1915, what percentage of state legislatures had been persuaded to prohibit selling alcoholic beverages?
67%
Prohibitionists were well-organized and achieved significant legislative support.
What did the National Child Labor Committee propose?
Model state child laws
These laws aimed to keep children out of mines and factories.
What was the outcome of the Muller v. Oregon case?
Women need special protection from working long hours
This ruling recognized the unique challenges faced by women in the workforce.
What tragic event highlighted the need for safety regulations in the workplace?
The Shirtwaist fire
The fire resulted in the deaths of 146 individuals, mostly women.
What was an unforeseen consequence of labor reforms for women?
Women were kept out of certain jobs
This restriction limited women’s employment opportunities despite reforms intended to protect them.
What was the Square Deal?
President Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program
The program aimed to address social issues and promote fairness in various sectors.
What were the three major goals of the Square Deal?
- Conservation of natural resources
- Control of corporations
- Consumer protection
These goals aimed to ensure fairness and sustainability in American society.
In what year was Theodore Roosevelt elected by a landslide due to his Square Deal?
1904
The overwhelming approval from voters highlighted the popularity of his domestic policies.
True or False: The Square Deal focused solely on economic issues.
False
The Square Deal also addressed social issues and aimed for fairness in various aspects of society.
Fill in the blank: The Square Deal reflected Theodore Roosevelt’s goals of conservation, control of corporations, and _______.
[consumer protection]
This emphasis on consumer protection was part of Roosevelt’s broader agenda.
Who was the first president to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act since its passage in 1890?
Roosevelt
Roosevelt increased his popularity through this enforcement.
What was the primary trust that Roosevelt aimed to bust?
Northern Securities Company
He also targeted Standard Oil and over 40 other large corporations.
How did Roosevelt differentiate between trusts?
He distinguished between ‘bad trusts’ and ‘good trusts’
‘Bad trusts’ harmed the public and stifled competition, while ‘good trusts’ dominated markets through efficiency and low prices.
What two laws did Roosevelt persuade Congress to pass to strengthen the regulatory powers of the ICC?
Elkins Act and Hepburn Act
These acts enhanced the ICC’s authority over railroads.
What year was the Elkins Act passed?
1903
This act allowed the ICC to stop railroads from granting rebates.
What authority was granted to the ICC under the Hepburn Act?
To fix ‘just and reasonable’ rates for railroads
This act was passed in 1906.
Fill in the blank: The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in _______.
1890
True or False: Roosevelt believed that all trusts were harmful.
False
He made a distinction between harmful ‘bad trusts’ and beneficial ‘good trusts.’
What is ‘The Jungle’?
‘The Jungle’ is a muckraking book by Upton Sinclair that described the horrifying conditions in Chicago stockyards and the meatpacking industry.
The book played a significant role in raising public awareness about food safety and labor conditions.
What was the impact of ‘The Jungle’ on legislation?
The publication of ‘The Jungle’ led Congress to enact two regulatory laws in 1906.
These laws aimed to improve food safety and sanitation standards in the meatpacking industry.
What does the Pure Food and Drug Act do?
The Pure Food and Drug Act forbids the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs.
This act was a response to the public outcry following the revelations in ‘The Jungle’.
What is the purpose of the Meat Inspection Act?
The Meat Inspection Act requires federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to ensure they meet minimum standards of sanitation.
This act was also enacted in response to conditions revealed in ‘The Jungle’.
True or False: The Meat Inspection Act was enacted before the Pure Food and Drug Act.
False
Both acts were enacted in 1906, following the publication of ‘The Jungle’.
Who was an enthusiastic champion of the cause of conservation?
Roosevelt
Roosevelt was a lover of the wilderness and outdoor life.
What was Roosevelt’s most lasting contribution in domestic policy?
Efforts to protect the nation’s natural resources
This included significant actions regarding conservation.
How many acres of federal land did Roosevelt set aside using the Forest Reserve Act?
150 million acres
This land was designated as a national reserve that couldn’t be sold to private interests.
What law did Roosevelt get passed in 1902 to support irrigation projects?
Newlands Reclamation Act
This law provided money from the sale of public land for irrigation in western states.
In what year did Roosevelt host a conference on conservation?
1908
This conference led to the establishment of a National Conservation Commission.
Who was the first director of the U.S. Forest Service?
Gifford Pinchot
He was appointed to lead the National Conservation Commission established by Roosevelt.
Who did Roosevelt pick as his successor?
William Taft
Taft was Roosevelt’s Secretary of War.
What tradition did Roosevelt honor by not seeking reelection?
Two-term tradition
This tradition refers to the precedent set by George Washington.
In what year did Taft run for president?
1908
This was the year he was endorsed by the Republicans.
Who was the Democratic nominee defeated by Taft in 1908?
William Jennings Bryan
This was Bryan’s third attempt at the presidency.
How did Taft continue Roosevelt’s policies?
By ordering the prosecution of antitrust cases
Taft prosecuted twice the number of antitrust cases compared to Roosevelt.
Fill in the blank: Taft was endorsed as the nominee for president by the _______.
Republicans
True or False: Taft prosecuted fewer antitrust cases than Roosevelt.
False
Taft prosecuted twice the number of antitrust cases.
What year was the 16th Amendment ratified?
1913
What did the 16th Amendment authorize the U.S. government to collect?
An income tax
Who proposed the income tax that the 16th Amendment authorized?
The Populists
Which group approved the new income tax introduced by the 16th Amendment?
Progressives
Initially, the income tax authorized by the 16th Amendment applied only to which group?
The very wealthy
