1848-1877 1/6/7/2025 Flashcards

1
Q

What were the conditions for soldiers during the civil war?

A

Very poor, leading to disease and death

Poor conditions were a significant factor in the suffering of soldiers on both sides.

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2
Q

Who became the superintendent of women nurses during the civil war?

A

Dorothea Dix

Dix recognized the need for organized nursing support.

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3
Q

Who was the most famous Union nurse during the civil war?

A

Clara Barton

Barton was known for her efforts in helping soldiers at the front line.

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4
Q

What organization did Clara Barton help to create after the civil war?

A

The American Red Cross in 1881

The organization was established to provide emergency assistance and disaster relief.

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5
Q

What city did Union forces control along with most of the Mississippi River in spring 1863?

A

New Orleans

This control was significant for the Union’s strategy in the Civil War.

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6
Q

How long did General Grant besiege Vicksburg?

A

7 weeks

The siege ended with the Confederacy’s surrender on July 4, 1863.

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7
Q

What was the outcome of the siege of Vicksburg for the Union?

A

Control of the entire Mississippi River

This cut off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the Confederacy.

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8
Q

What was General Lee’s objective during the Gettysburg campaign?

A

Capture a major Union city or destroy the Union army

This was part of the Confederate strategy to gain an advantage.

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9
Q

On what date did the Confederates invade Union forces at Gettysburg?

A

July 1, 1863

This invasion marked the beginning of the crucial battle.

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10
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?

A

It became the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the Civil War

The battle resulted in approximately 50,000 casualties.

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11
Q

What was the result of the Battle of Gettysburg for the Confederate army?

A

Major destruction and retreat back to Virginia

After the battle, the Confederate army could not regain the offensive.

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12
Q

What is the main theme of the Gettysburg Address?

A

The main theme is the dedication to the principles of human equality and the importance of preserving the Union.

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13
Q

True or False: The Gettysburg Address was delivered during a speech at a cemetery dedication.

A

True

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The Gettysburg Address emphasizes the idea of a ‘____ nation’ that was conceived in liberty.

A

new

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15
Q

Who delivered the Gettysburg Address?

A

Abraham Lincoln

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16
Q

Which battle is the Gettysburg Address associated with?

A

The Battle of Gettysburg

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17
Q

Who was General Grant’s key military leader known for aggressive tactics?

A

General William Tecumseh Sherman

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18
Q

What type of warfare was General Sherman known for?

A

Total war tactics

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19
Q

What effect did Sherman’s march have on the Confederacy?

A

Helped to break the spirit of the Confederacy

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20
Q

What significant event did Sherman’s actions coincide with?

A

Lincoln’s Gettysburg address

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: Sherman was known for setting out on a path of _______.

A

destruction

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22
Q

What was one of the most memorable actions taken by Sherman during his march?

A

Burning down most of Atlanta

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23
Q

True or False: Sherman’s tactics were ineffective for the Union.

A

False

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24
Q

How did General Grant’s tactics contribute to the success of the Union?

A

By using aggressive tactics, including Sherman’s total war approach

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25
Q

Who was the Democratic nominee in the Election of 1864?

A

General George McClellan

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26
Q

What was General George McClellan’s platform in the Election of 1864?

A

For peace

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27
Q

What did the Republicans rename the Unionist party for the Election of 1864?

A

To attract new voters

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28
Q

Who was nominated as President by the Republicans in the Election of 1864?

A

President Lincoln

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29
Q

Who was nominated as vice president alongside Lincoln in the Election of 1864?

A

Andrew Johnson

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30
Q

What was the outcome of the Election of 1864?

A

Lincoln won his 2nd term

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31
Q

What did the Confederate government attempt to negotiate for?

A

Peace

However, Lincoln would accept nothing less than restoration of the Union.

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32
Q

What was Jefferson Davis’s stance during the negotiations?

A

Demanded independence

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33
Q

How many soldiers did General Lee have when he tried to escape?

A

About 30,000

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34
Q

Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant?

A

Appomattox Courthouse

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35
Q

On what date did the surrender at Appomattox occur?

A

April 9, 1865

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36
Q

What was the nature of the interaction between General Lee and General Grant during the surrender?

A

They treated each other with respect and honor

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37
Q

What’s the main point of the 13th amendment?

A

No more slavery is allowed in the U.S.

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38
Q

Who assassinated President Lincoln?

A

John Wilkes Booth

Booth was a Confederate sympathizer.

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39
Q

On what date did Lincoln’s assassination occur?

A

April 14, 1865

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40
Q

Where was President Lincoln assassinated?

A

Ford’s Theater in Washington

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41
Q

What happened to Lincoln after he was shot?

A

He remained unconscious overnight and died the next morning

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42
Q

On what date did President Lincoln die?

A

April 15, 1865

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43
Q

How many Americans publicly mourned the loss of President Lincoln?

A

7 million

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44
Q

Why was John Wilkes Booth able to get near Lincoln in fords theater

A

He was an actor in fords theater

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45
Q

What’s another name for Lincoln’s and Andrew Johnson’s plan for reconstruction?

A

Presidential reconstruction

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46
Q

What was the period after the Civil War during which the U.S. began to rebuild?

A

Reconstruction

Lasting from 1865 to 1877.

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47
Q

What did Lincoln believe about the Southern states after the Civil War?

A

They had never truly left the Union

Lincoln hoped they could be reestablished by meeting a minimum test of political loyalty.

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48
Q

What was Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction known as?

A

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan)

This plan proposed that a Southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance.

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49
Q

What was the name of the bill that proposed a stricter requirement for Southern states’ readmission?

A

Wade-Davis Bill

This bill required a majority of white males in a state to take an oath of allegiance.

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50
Q

What was Lincoln’s 10% Plan?

A

A plan for reintegrating Southern states into the Union after the Civil War.

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51
Q

What conditions were required for Confederates to receive full presidential pardons under Lincoln’s 10% Plan?

A

They had to:
* Take an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution
* Accept the emancipation of the slaves

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52
Q

How many voters in a Southern state needed to take the loyalty oath for a state government to be reestablished under Lincoln’s 10% Plan?

A

10% of the voters in that state

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53
Q

What did Lincoln’s proclamation require from each Southern state regarding their state constitution?

A

Rewrite it to eliminate the existence of slavery.

54
Q

What were the primary goals of Lincoln’s lenient policy?

A

To shorten the war and give weight to the Emancipation Proclamation.

55
Q

True or False: Lincoln’s 10% Plan was a harsh punishment for Confederates.

A

False

56
Q

Fill in the blank: Lincoln’s 10% Plan aimed to reintegrate Southern states into the Union as soon as _______ of the voters took the loyalty oath.

A

10%

57
Q

Who led the Radical Republicans in Congress?

A

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens

58
Q

What was the main objection of the Radical Republicans to Lincoln’s 10% plan?

A

It was too lenient for the South

59
Q

What did the Wade-Davis Bill require from voters in a state?

A

50% of the voters to take the loyalty oath

60
Q

What action did Lincoln take regarding the Wade-Davis Bill?

A

He refused to sign it, pocket vetoing it

61
Q

What was the consequence of Congress’s powers during the war in relation to the Wade-Davis Bill?

A

Congress had no choice but to adhere to it

62
Q

Fill in the blank: The Wade-Davis Bill was championed by the _______.

A

Radical Republicans

63
Q

True or False: The Wade-Davis Bill was signed into law by Lincoln.

A

False

64
Q

How did Abraham Lincoln pocket veto the Wade-Davis bill?

A

Lincoln had a lot of documents too deal with and didn’t have time to /purposefly didn’t didn’t deal with the wade davis bill

65
Q

What was the primary focus of Johnson’s Reconstruction Policy?

A

To reintegrate the Southern states into the Union after the Civil War

66
Q

How did Johnson’s Reconstruction Policy differ from Lincoln’s 10% plan?

A

It included the loss of voting rights for former Confederate leaders and those with over $20,000 in taxable property

67
Q

Who retained the power to grant individual pardons in Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan?

A

Andrew Johnson

68
Q

True or False: Many former Confederate leaders were back in office by the fall of 1865 under Johnson’s plan.

A

True

69
Q

How many ex-Confederate states qualified to rejoin the Union eight months after Johnson took office?

A

11

70
Q

Fill in the blank: Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan required ex-Confederate states to draw up new constitutions that _______.

A

repudiated secession

71
Q

What amendment did the ex-Confederate states have to ratify as part of Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan?

A

13th amendment

72
Q

What was a significant consequence of Johnson’s ability to grant pardons?

A

Many Confederate leaders regained political power

73
Q

List two key components of Johnson’s Reconstruction Policy.

A
  • Loss of voting rights for certain Confederates
  • Requirement to ratify the 13th amendment
74
Q

What was the primary purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

A

It acted as a welfare agency for those made destitute by war.

The Freedmen’s Bureau provided assistance to freed blacks and others affected by the Civil War.

75
Q

What official name was given to the Freedmen’s Bureau?

A

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, and Abandoned Lands.

This name reflects the bureau’s focus on helping refugees and freed individuals.

76
Q

What authority did the Freedmen’s Bureau have regarding land?

A

It had the authority to resettle freed blacks on confiscated farmlands in the South.

This was part of the bureau’s efforts to support economic independence for freed individuals.

77
Q

What happened to the confiscated lands that the Freedmen’s Bureau used to resettle freed blacks?

A

They were confiscated again and restored to their original owners.

This action undermined the bureau’s efforts to provide stable land ownership for freed individuals.

78
Q

What were the Black Codes?

A

Laws that restricted the rights and movements of former slaves

Black Codes were enacted in the Southern states after the Civil War.

79
Q

What did the Black Codes prohibit regarding land ownership?

A

Prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land

This restriction aimed to limit economic opportunities for African Americans.

80
Q

What was a consequence of the Black Codes for freedmen?

A

Forced freedmen into becoming vagrants

This often resulted in criminalization of poverty among African Americans.

81
Q

What restriction did the Black Codes impose on legal testimony?

A

Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court

This ensured that African Americans had limited legal recourse.

82
Q

How did President Johnson alienate Republicans in early 1866?

A

By vetoing a bill to increase services and protection offered by the Freedmen’s Bureau and vetoing a civil rights bill

These vetoes were seen as opposition to the rights of African Americans.

83
Q

What was the purpose of the civil rights bill vetoed by Johnson?

A

To nullify the Black Codes and grant full citizenship and equal rights to African Americans

This bill was part of the broader Reconstruction efforts.

84
Q

What was the first round of Reconstruction?

A

The first round of Reconstruction (1863-spring 1866) was directed by presidents Lincoln and Johnson.

85
Q

What was a key action taken during the first round of Reconstruction?

A

Restored the 11 ex-Confederate states to their former position in the Union.

86
Q

What was one consequence of the first round of Reconstruction?

A

The return of ex-Confederates to high offices.

87
Q

What legislation was passed by southern legislatures during the first round of Reconstruction?

A

The passage of the Black Codes.

88
Q

How did the first round of Reconstruction affect Republicans in Congress?

A

It angered the Republicans in Congress.

89
Q

What initiated the second phase of Reconstruction?

A

The anger of Republicans in Congress over the first round of Reconstruction.

90
Q

What did Congress do in response to presidential Reconstruction?

A

Congress adopted a plan that was harsher on southern whites and more protective of freed blacks.

91
Q

True or False: The second phase of Reconstruction was directed by Congress.

A

True.

92
Q

Fill in the blank: The first round of Reconstruction was directed by presidents Lincoln and _______.

A

Johnson.

93
Q

True or false: the Black codes were illegal

A

False

94
Q

True or false: the Black codes were illegal

A

False

95
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 declare regarding African Americans?

A

It pronounced all African Americans to be U.S. citizens

This repudiated the decision in the Dred Scott case.

96
Q

What was one of the main purposes of the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

A

To provide a legal shield against the operation of the southern states’ Black Codes

Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states to restrict the rights of newly freed African Americans.

97
Q

What was a concern of Republicans regarding the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

A

The law could be repealed if the Democrats ever won control of Congress

This concern led to the search for a more permanent solution.

98
Q

What legislative actions did Republicans manage to override?

A

Johnson’s vetoes of both the Freedmen’s Bureau Act and the first Civil Rights Act

This was significant in the context of post-Civil War reconstruction.

99
Q

What was the Republicans’ response to concerns about the Civil Rights Act?

A

They looked for a more permanent solution in the form of a constitutional amendment

This led to the introduction of the 14th Amendment.

100
Q

What was the Reconstruction Act of 1867?

A

A series of three acts passed by Congress that placed the South under military occupation.

101
Q

How many military districts were created by the Reconstruction Acts?

A

Five military districts.

102
Q

Who controlled the military districts established by the Reconstruction Acts?

A

The Union army.

103
Q

What amendment had to be ratified for an ex-Confederate state to gain readmission to the Union?

A

The 14th Amendment.

104
Q

What did ex-Confederate states have to guarantee in their constitutions for readmission?

A

The franchise (right to vote) for all adult males, regardless of race.

105
Q

Which amendment ensures the right to vote for all adult males, regardless of race?

A

The 15th Amendment.

106
Q

True or False: The Reconstruction Acts were passed despite presidential vetoes.

A

True.

107
Q

Fill in the blank: The Reconstruction Acts divided the former Confederate states into ______ military districts.

A

five

108
Q

What act did Congress pass in 1867 that restricted the president’s ability to remove federal officials?

A

The Tenure of Office Act

This act required Senate approval for the removal of federal officials or military commanders.

109
Q

What was the political purpose of the Tenure of Office Act?

A

To protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson’s cabinet

Notably, this included Sec. of War Edwin Stanton.

110
Q

Who did President Johnson dismiss in defiance of the Tenure of Office Act?

A

Edwin Stanton

Johnson believed the law was unconstitutional.

111
Q

What was the result of Johnson’s dismissal of Stanton?

A

The House of Representatives impeached Johnson

He was charged with 11 ‘high crimes and misdemeanors.’

112
Q

Who was the first president to be impeached?

A

Andrew Johnson

113
Q

What was the outcome of Johnson’s impeachment trial in the Senate?

A

Johnson’s political enemies fell one vote short of conviction

7 moderate Republicans joined Democrats against conviction.

114
Q

What was the required vote percentage to remove a president from office?

A

Two-thirds vote

115
Q

Why did some moderate Republicans oppose Johnson’s conviction?

A

They believed it set a bad precedent for removing a president for political reasons

116
Q

Fill in the blank: Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives for 11 _______.

A

high crimes and misdemeanors

117
Q

True or False: The Tenure of Office Act allowed the president to remove federal officials without Senate approval.

A

False

118
Q

What significant event occurred in 1868 during a presidential election year?

A

The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson

This event was crucial in shaping the political landscape of the time.

119
Q

Who did the Democrats nominate in the 1868 presidential election?

A

Horatio Seymour

Seymour’s nomination was part of the Democratic strategy to challenge the incumbent presidency.

120
Q

Who was the Republican nominee for President in 1868?

A

General Ulysses Grant

Grant was a war hero but had no prior political experience.

121
Q

How many more popular votes did Grant receive than his Democratic opponent?

A

300,000 more popular votes

Despite this, the election was closely contested.

122
Q

What role did African-American votes play in the 1868 election?

A

They provided the margin of victory for the Republican ticket, totaling 500,000 votes

This highlighted the importance of African-American suffrage in the political process.

123
Q

What did Republicans recognize about the voting rights of freedmen after the 1868 election?

A

They needed federal protection to maintain control of the White House

This realization led to further discussions on civil rights and federal legislation.

124
Q

What term did Democrats use to refer to Southern white Republicans?

A

Scalawags

Scalawags were often former Whigs who were uncomfortable in the Democratic Party.

125
Q

What belief did scalawags share regarding the Republican Party?

A

The Republican Party would serve their economic interests better than the Democrats.

126
Q

What term did Democrats use for white men from the North who were Republican leaders in the South?

A

Carpetbaggers

Carpetbaggers were said to have traveled with all their belongings in a carpetbag.

127
Q

What was the typical background of most carpetbaggers?

A

Well-educated people of middle-class origin, including doctors, lawyers, and teachers.

128
Q

What was a significant drive for freedmen after gaining freedom?

A

Building black communities

This drive aimed to establish independence from white control.

129
Q

What were two key institutions founded by freedmen?

A
  • Independent African American churches
  • Black colleges

These institutions played a vital role in the community and education.

130
Q

To which states did many freedmen migrate after emancipation?

A

Frontier states such as Kansas

This migration represented a search for new opportunities and autonomy.