1848-1877 1/6/7/2025 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
What were the conditions for soldiers during the civil war?
A
Very poor, leading to disease and death
Poor conditions were a significant factor in the suffering of soldiers on both sides.
2
Q
Who became the superintendent of women nurses during the civil war?
A
Dorothea Dix
Dix recognized the need for organized nursing support.
3
Q
Who was the most famous Union nurse during the civil war?
A
Clara Barton
Barton was known for her efforts in helping soldiers at the front line.
4
Q
What organization did Clara Barton help to create after the civil war?
A
The American Red Cross in 1881
The organization was established to provide emergency assistance and disaster relief.
5
Q
What city did Union forces control along with most of the Mississippi River in spring 1863?
A
New Orleans
This control was significant for the Union’s strategy in the Civil War.
6
Q
How long did General Grant besiege Vicksburg?
A
7 weeks
The siege ended with the Confederacy’s surrender on July 4, 1863.
7
Q
What was the outcome of the siege of Vicksburg for the Union?
A
Control of the entire Mississippi River
This cut off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the Confederacy.
8
Q
What was General Lee’s objective during the Gettysburg campaign?
A
Capture a major Union city or destroy the Union army
This was part of the Confederate strategy to gain an advantage.
9
Q
On what date did the Confederates invade Union forces at Gettysburg?
A
July 1, 1863
This invasion marked the beginning of the crucial battle.
10
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?
A
It became the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the Civil War
The battle resulted in approximately 50,000 casualties.
11
Q
What was the result of the Battle of Gettysburg for the Confederate army?
A
Major destruction and retreat back to Virginia
After the battle, the Confederate army could not regain the offensive.
12
Q
What is the main theme of the Gettysburg Address?
A
The main theme is the dedication to the principles of human equality and the importance of preserving the Union.
13
Q
True or False: The Gettysburg Address was delivered during a speech at a cemetery dedication.
A
True
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The Gettysburg Address emphasizes the idea of a ‘____ nation’ that was conceived in liberty.
A
new
15
Q
Who delivered the Gettysburg Address?
A
Abraham Lincoln
16
Q
Which battle is the Gettysburg Address associated with?
A
The Battle of Gettysburg
17
Q
Who was General Grant’s key military leader known for aggressive tactics?
A
General William Tecumseh Sherman
18
Q
What type of warfare was General Sherman known for?
A
Total war tactics
19
Q
What effect did Sherman’s march have on the Confederacy?
A
Helped to break the spirit of the Confederacy
20
Q
What significant event did Sherman’s actions coincide with?
A
Lincoln’s Gettysburg address
21
Q
Fill in the blank: Sherman was known for setting out on a path of _______.
A
destruction
22
Q
What was one of the most memorable actions taken by Sherman during his march?
A
Burning down most of Atlanta
23
Q
True or False: Sherman’s tactics were ineffective for the Union.
A
False
24
Q
How did General Grant’s tactics contribute to the success of the Union?
A
By using aggressive tactics, including Sherman’s total war approach
25
Who was the Democratic nominee in the Election of 1864?
General George McClellan
26
What was General George McClellan's platform in the Election of 1864?
For peace
27
What did the Republicans rename the Unionist party for the Election of 1864?
To attract new voters
28
Who was nominated as President by the Republicans in the Election of 1864?
President Lincoln
29
Who was nominated as vice president alongside Lincoln in the Election of 1864?
Andrew Johnson
30
What was the outcome of the Election of 1864?
Lincoln won his 2nd term
31
What did the Confederate government attempt to negotiate for?
Peace
## Footnote
However, Lincoln would accept nothing less than restoration of the Union.
32
What was Jefferson Davis's stance during the negotiations?
Demanded independence
33
How many soldiers did General Lee have when he tried to escape?
About 30,000
34
Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant?
Appomattox Courthouse
35
On what date did the surrender at Appomattox occur?
April 9, 1865
36
What was the nature of the interaction between General Lee and General Grant during the surrender?
They treated each other with respect and honor
37
What’s the main point of the 13th amendment?
No more slavery is allowed in the U.S.
38
Who assassinated President Lincoln?
John Wilkes Booth
## Footnote
Booth was a Confederate sympathizer.
39
On what date did Lincoln's assassination occur?
April 14, 1865
40
Where was President Lincoln assassinated?
Ford's Theater in Washington
41
What happened to Lincoln after he was shot?
He remained unconscious overnight and died the next morning
42
On what date did President Lincoln die?
April 15, 1865
43
How many Americans publicly mourned the loss of President Lincoln?
7 million
44
Why was John Wilkes Booth able to get near Lincoln in fords theater
He was an actor in fords theater
45
What’s another name for Lincoln’s and Andrew Johnson’s plan for reconstruction?
Presidential reconstruction
46
What was the period after the Civil War during which the U.S. began to rebuild?
Reconstruction
## Footnote
Lasting from 1865 to 1877.
47
What did Lincoln believe about the Southern states after the Civil War?
They had never truly left the Union
## Footnote
Lincoln hoped they could be reestablished by meeting a minimum test of political loyalty.
48
What was Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction known as?
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan)
## Footnote
This plan proposed that a Southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance.
49
What was the name of the bill that proposed a stricter requirement for Southern states' readmission?
Wade-Davis Bill
## Footnote
This bill required a majority of white males in a state to take an oath of allegiance.
50
What was Lincoln's 10% Plan?
A plan for reintegrating Southern states into the Union after the Civil War.
51
What conditions were required for Confederates to receive full presidential pardons under Lincoln's 10% Plan?
They had to:
* Take an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution
* Accept the emancipation of the slaves
52
How many voters in a Southern state needed to take the loyalty oath for a state government to be reestablished under Lincoln's 10% Plan?
10% of the voters in that state
53
What did Lincoln's proclamation require from each Southern state regarding their state constitution?
Rewrite it to eliminate the existence of slavery.
54
What were the primary goals of Lincoln's lenient policy?
To shorten the war and give weight to the Emancipation Proclamation.
55
True or False: Lincoln's 10% Plan was a harsh punishment for Confederates.
False
56
Fill in the blank: Lincoln's 10% Plan aimed to reintegrate Southern states into the Union as soon as _______ of the voters took the loyalty oath.
10%
57
Who led the Radical Republicans in Congress?
Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens
58
What was the main objection of the Radical Republicans to Lincoln's 10% plan?
It was too lenient for the South
59
What did the Wade-Davis Bill require from voters in a state?
50% of the voters to take the loyalty oath
60
What action did Lincoln take regarding the Wade-Davis Bill?
He refused to sign it, pocket vetoing it
61
What was the consequence of Congress's powers during the war in relation to the Wade-Davis Bill?
Congress had no choice but to adhere to it
62
Fill in the blank: The Wade-Davis Bill was championed by the _______.
Radical Republicans
63
True or False: The Wade-Davis Bill was signed into law by Lincoln.
False
64
How did Abraham Lincoln pocket veto the Wade-Davis bill?
Lincoln had a lot of documents too deal with and didn’t have time to /purposefly didn’t didn’t deal with the wade davis bill
65
What was the primary focus of Johnson's Reconstruction Policy?
To reintegrate the Southern states into the Union after the Civil War
66
How did Johnson's Reconstruction Policy differ from Lincoln's 10% plan?
It included the loss of voting rights for former Confederate leaders and those with over $20,000 in taxable property
67
Who retained the power to grant individual pardons in Johnson's Reconstruction Plan?
Andrew Johnson
68
True or False: Many former Confederate leaders were back in office by the fall of 1865 under Johnson's plan.
True
69
How many ex-Confederate states qualified to rejoin the Union eight months after Johnson took office?
11
70
Fill in the blank: Johnson's Reconstruction Plan required ex-Confederate states to draw up new constitutions that _______.
repudiated secession
71
What amendment did the ex-Confederate states have to ratify as part of Johnson's Reconstruction Plan?
13th amendment
72
What was a significant consequence of Johnson's ability to grant pardons?
Many Confederate leaders regained political power
73
List two key components of Johnson's Reconstruction Policy.
* Loss of voting rights for certain Confederates
* Requirement to ratify the 13th amendment
74
What was the primary purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?
It acted as a welfare agency for those made destitute by war.
## Footnote
The Freedmen's Bureau provided assistance to freed blacks and others affected by the Civil War.
75
What official name was given to the Freedmen's Bureau?
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, and Abandoned Lands.
## Footnote
This name reflects the bureau's focus on helping refugees and freed individuals.
76
What authority did the Freedmen's Bureau have regarding land?
It had the authority to resettle freed blacks on confiscated farmlands in the South.
## Footnote
This was part of the bureau's efforts to support economic independence for freed individuals.
77
What happened to the confiscated lands that the Freedmen's Bureau used to resettle freed blacks?
They were confiscated again and restored to their original owners.
## Footnote
This action undermined the bureau's efforts to provide stable land ownership for freed individuals.
78
What were the Black Codes?
Laws that restricted the rights and movements of former slaves
## Footnote
Black Codes were enacted in the Southern states after the Civil War.
79
What did the Black Codes prohibit regarding land ownership?
Prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land
## Footnote
This restriction aimed to limit economic opportunities for African Americans.
80
What was a consequence of the Black Codes for freedmen?
Forced freedmen into becoming vagrants
## Footnote
This often resulted in criminalization of poverty among African Americans.
81
What restriction did the Black Codes impose on legal testimony?
Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court
## Footnote
This ensured that African Americans had limited legal recourse.
82
How did President Johnson alienate Republicans in early 1866?
By vetoing a bill to increase services and protection offered by the Freedmen's Bureau and vetoing a civil rights bill
## Footnote
These vetoes were seen as opposition to the rights of African Americans.
83
What was the purpose of the civil rights bill vetoed by Johnson?
To nullify the Black Codes and grant full citizenship and equal rights to African Americans
## Footnote
This bill was part of the broader Reconstruction efforts.
84
What was the first round of Reconstruction?
The first round of Reconstruction (1863-spring 1866) was directed by presidents Lincoln and Johnson.
85
What was a key action taken during the first round of Reconstruction?
Restored the 11 ex-Confederate states to their former position in the Union.
86
What was one consequence of the first round of Reconstruction?
The return of ex-Confederates to high offices.
87
What legislation was passed by southern legislatures during the first round of Reconstruction?
The passage of the Black Codes.
88
How did the first round of Reconstruction affect Republicans in Congress?
It angered the Republicans in Congress.
89
What initiated the second phase of Reconstruction?
The anger of Republicans in Congress over the first round of Reconstruction.
90
What did Congress do in response to presidential Reconstruction?
Congress adopted a plan that was harsher on southern whites and more protective of freed blacks.
91
True or False: The second phase of Reconstruction was directed by Congress.
True.
92
Fill in the blank: The first round of Reconstruction was directed by presidents Lincoln and _______.
Johnson.
93
True or false: the Black codes were illegal
False
94
True or false: the Black codes were illegal
False
95
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 declare regarding African Americans?
It pronounced all African Americans to be U.S. citizens
## Footnote
This repudiated the decision in the Dred Scott case.
96
What was one of the main purposes of the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
To provide a legal shield against the operation of the southern states' Black Codes
## Footnote
Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states to restrict the rights of newly freed African Americans.
97
What was a concern of Republicans regarding the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
The law could be repealed if the Democrats ever won control of Congress
## Footnote
This concern led to the search for a more permanent solution.
98
What legislative actions did Republicans manage to override?
Johnson's vetoes of both the Freedmen's Bureau Act and the first Civil Rights Act
## Footnote
This was significant in the context of post-Civil War reconstruction.
99
What was the Republicans' response to concerns about the Civil Rights Act?
They looked for a more permanent solution in the form of a constitutional amendment
## Footnote
This led to the introduction of the 14th Amendment.
100
What was the Reconstruction Act of 1867?
A series of three acts passed by Congress that placed the South under military occupation.
101
How many military districts were created by the Reconstruction Acts?
Five military districts.
102
Who controlled the military districts established by the Reconstruction Acts?
The Union army.
103
What amendment had to be ratified for an ex-Confederate state to gain readmission to the Union?
The 14th Amendment.
104
What did ex-Confederate states have to guarantee in their constitutions for readmission?
The franchise (right to vote) for all adult males, regardless of race.
105
Which amendment ensures the right to vote for all adult males, regardless of race?
The 15th Amendment.
106
True or False: The Reconstruction Acts were passed despite presidential vetoes.
True.
107
Fill in the blank: The Reconstruction Acts divided the former Confederate states into ______ military districts.
five
108
What act did Congress pass in 1867 that restricted the president's ability to remove federal officials?
The Tenure of Office Act
## Footnote
This act required Senate approval for the removal of federal officials or military commanders.
109
What was the political purpose of the Tenure of Office Act?
To protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet
## Footnote
Notably, this included Sec. of War Edwin Stanton.
110
Who did President Johnson dismiss in defiance of the Tenure of Office Act?
Edwin Stanton
## Footnote
Johnson believed the law was unconstitutional.
111
What was the result of Johnson's dismissal of Stanton?
The House of Representatives impeached Johnson
## Footnote
He was charged with 11 'high crimes and misdemeanors.'
112
Who was the first president to be impeached?
Andrew Johnson
113
What was the outcome of Johnson's impeachment trial in the Senate?
Johnson's political enemies fell one vote short of conviction
## Footnote
7 moderate Republicans joined Democrats against conviction.
114
What was the required vote percentage to remove a president from office?
Two-thirds vote
115
Why did some moderate Republicans oppose Johnson's conviction?
They believed it set a bad precedent for removing a president for political reasons
116
Fill in the blank: Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives for 11 _______.
high crimes and misdemeanors
117
True or False: The Tenure of Office Act allowed the president to remove federal officials without Senate approval.
False
118
What significant event occurred in 1868 during a presidential election year?
The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson
## Footnote
This event was crucial in shaping the political landscape of the time.
119
Who did the Democrats nominate in the 1868 presidential election?
Horatio Seymour
## Footnote
Seymour's nomination was part of the Democratic strategy to challenge the incumbent presidency.
120
Who was the Republican nominee for President in 1868?
General Ulysses Grant
## Footnote
Grant was a war hero but had no prior political experience.
121
How many more popular votes did Grant receive than his Democratic opponent?
300,000 more popular votes
## Footnote
Despite this, the election was closely contested.
122
What role did African-American votes play in the 1868 election?
They provided the margin of victory for the Republican ticket, totaling 500,000 votes
## Footnote
This highlighted the importance of African-American suffrage in the political process.
123
What did Republicans recognize about the voting rights of freedmen after the 1868 election?
They needed federal protection to maintain control of the White House
## Footnote
This realization led to further discussions on civil rights and federal legislation.
124
What term did Democrats use to refer to Southern white Republicans?
Scalawags
## Footnote
Scalawags were often former Whigs who were uncomfortable in the Democratic Party.
125
What belief did scalawags share regarding the Republican Party?
The Republican Party would serve their economic interests better than the Democrats.
126
What term did Democrats use for white men from the North who were Republican leaders in the South?
Carpetbaggers
## Footnote
Carpetbaggers were said to have traveled with all their belongings in a carpetbag.
127
What was the typical background of most carpetbaggers?
Well-educated people of middle-class origin, including doctors, lawyers, and teachers.
128
What was a significant drive for freedmen after gaining freedom?
Building black communities
## Footnote
This drive aimed to establish independence from white control.
129
What were two key institutions founded by freedmen?
* Independent African American churches
* Black colleges
## Footnote
These institutions played a vital role in the community and education.
130
To which states did many freedmen migrate after emancipation?
Frontier states such as Kansas
## Footnote
This migration represented a search for new opportunities and autonomy.
131
What was a significant drive for freedmen after gaining freedom?
Building black communities
## Footnote
Freedmen sought to establish their own communities to reduce white control.
132
What institutions were founded by African Americans to support community building?
Independent African American churches and Black colleges
## Footnote
These institutions played a crucial role in fostering community and education.
133
Which states did many freedmen move to after gaining their freedom?
Frontier states such as Kansas
## Footnote
This migration was part of the larger movement of African Americans seeking new opportunities.
134
What was the state of the South's agricultural economy after the war?
In turmoil due to the loss of the labor force
## Footnote
The loss of enslaved laborers significantly impacted agricultural productivity.
135
What farming practices did landowners turn to due to a lack of labor?
Tenancy and sharecropping
## Footnote
These practices emerged as alternatives to traditional labor arrangements.
136
Define sharecropping.
A type of farming in which families rent small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop
## Footnote
This arrangement often left families in debt and tied to the land.
137
In a sharecropping arrangement, what do families provide to the landowner at the end of each year?
A portion of their crop
## Footnote
This is typically negotiated as a share of the harvest.
138
What does the landlord provide in a sharecropping agreement?
Seed and other needed farm supplies
## Footnote
These supplies are essential for planting and maintaining crops.
139
In a sharecropping arrangement, what portion of the harvest does the landlord typically receive?
½ of the harvest
## Footnote
This division reflects the landlord's investment in farming supplies.
140
What was the primary purpose of secret societies formed by southern whites during Reconstruction?
To intimidate blacks and white reformers
## Footnote
These groups aimed to maintain white supremacy and resist the changes brought by Reconstruction.
141
Who founded the Ku Klux Klan and in what year?
Nathaniel Bedford Forrest in 1867
## Footnote
Forrest was an ex-Confederate general.
142
What term refers to the Ku Klux Klan's self-description as a secret society?
Invisible empire
## Footnote
This term emphasized their clandestine operations and goals.
143
What actions did the Ku Klux Klan take against black-owned buildings?
Burned them
## Footnote
The Klan engaged in violent acts to instill fear in the black community.
144
What was one method the KKK used to intimidate freedmen?
Flogged and murdered them
## Footnote
These acts were aimed at preventing them from exercising their voting rights.
145
What legislation did Congress pass in 1870 to address KKK violence?
Force Acts
## Footnote
These acts aimed to empower federal authorities to protect civil rights in the South.
146
What power did the Force Acts grant to federal authorities?
To stop KKK violence and protect civil rights
## Footnote
The acts were a federal response to the rampant violence and intimidation by the Klan.
147
What was the Amnesty Act of 1872?
A general amnesty act that removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders.
## Footnote
Passed by Congress seven years after Lee's surrender in the Civil War.
148
What political consequence did the Amnesty Act of 1872 have?
It allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments.
## Footnote
This shift was significant in reshaping the political landscape in the South.
149
True or False: The Amnesty Act of 1872 applied to all ex-Confederates without exception.
False.
## Footnote
The act excluded the top leaders of the Confederacy.
150
Fill in the blank: The Amnesty Act of 1872 was passed by Congress in _______.
1872
151
What sentiment was prevalent among many northerners seven years after the Civil War?
Many were ready to put hatred of the Confederacy behind them.
## Footnote
This change in sentiment contributed to the passage of the Amnesty Act.
152
What were Northerners primarily focused on during the scandals and money crises?
Labor and money
153
What resulted from the focus on labor and money by Northerners?
Many corrupt schemes by business and political bosses to enrich themselves at the public's expense
154
What was the Credit Mobilier Affair?
A dummy corporation for those building the transcontinental railroad
155
What unethical action did some members of Congress take during the Credit Mobilier Affair?
They were paid off to stay quiet
156
What was the Whiskey Ring?
A group of officials importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying taxes
157
What was the outcome of the Whiskey Ring's actions?
Cheated the treasury out of millions of dollars
158
Who did the Republicans nominate for the election of 1872?
Ulysses S. Grant
## Footnote
Grant was nominated despite the scandals surrounding his administration.
159
Who did the Liberal Republicans nominate in the election of 1872?
Horace Greeley
## Footnote
The Liberal Republicans had the backing of the Democratic Party.
160
What phrase did the Republicans use to remind voters of their Civil War victory?
Waved the bloody shirt
## Footnote
This phrase reminded voters that Grant won the Civil War and that the soldiers' sacrifices should not be in vain.
161
What was the outcome of the election of 1872?
Grant won his second term.
162
What event marked the beginning of Grant's second term?
The Panic of 1873
## Footnote
The Panic of 1873 was a significant economic depression that lasted for four years.
163
How long did the economic depression following the Panic of 1873 last?
4 years
164
What were the two main causes of the Panic of 1873?
Over speculation by financiers and overbuilding by industries
## Footnote
These causes led to widespread business failures and economic depression.
165
What did debtors demand during the Panic of 1873?
The creation of greenback paper money
166
In what year did Grant agree to release additional greenbacks?
1874
167
Fill in the blank: The Panic of 1873 began with Grant's _______.
second term
168
Who did the Republicans nominate for the election of 1876?
Rutherford B. Hayes
## Footnote
Hayes was the governor of Ohio and was chosen to represent the party due to his lack of association with the corruption of the Grant administration.
169
Who was the Democratic candidate in the election of 1876?
Samuel Tilden
## Footnote
Tilden was the governor of New York and known for his efforts against the corrupt Tweed Ring.
170
What was the outcome of the popular vote in the election of 1876?
Democrats had won a clear majority
## Footnote
This led to expectations of Tilden becoming president.
171
Which three southern states had contested returns in the election of 1876?
South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana
## Footnote
These states were critical for Tilden to secure the necessary electoral votes.
172
How many electoral votes did Tilden need from the contested states to win the election?
One electoral vote
## Footnote
This was essential for him to secure the presidency.
173
What was created to determine the rightful winner of the disputed electoral votes in 1876?
A special electoral commission
## Footnote
This commission was formed to resolve the disputes over the votes from the contested states.
174
What was the decision of the electoral commission regarding the contested votes?
The commission gave all the electoral votes to Hayes
## Footnote
This decision was made in a straight party vote of 8 to 7.
175
What action did outraged Democrats threaten to take after the electoral commission's decision?
Filibuster the results
## Footnote
They also threatened to send the election to the House of Representatives, which they controlled.
176
What was the Compromise of 1877?
An informal deal between two parties regarding the presidency and federal support in the South.
## Footnote
This deal involved Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president under specific conditions.
177
What condition was set for Hayes to become president?
He would end federal support for the Republicans in the South and support building a southern transcontinental railroad.
## Footnote
The compromise aimed to resolve the contested election of 1876.
178
What action did President Hayes take shortly after his inauguration?
He withdrew the last of the federal troops protecting blacks and other Republicans.
## Footnote
This withdrawal marked the end of Reconstruction efforts in the South.
179
Fill in the blank: The Compromise of 1877 involved Hayes becoming president on the condition that he would immediately end federal support for the Republicans in the _______.
South
180
True or False: The Compromise of 1877 included support for building a northern transcontinental railroad.
False
## Footnote
The condition was to support the building of a southern transcontinental railroad.
