Period 7 1898-1945 3/6/2025 Flashcards
What was the Socialist Party?
A third party developed in the early 1900s dedicated to the welfare of the working class
The party aimed to address issues affecting the working class through political means.
What reforms did the Socialist platform advocate?
More radical reforms than the Progressive favored, including:
* Public ownership of the railroads
* Utilities
* Major industries such as oil and steel
These reforms were aimed at reducing corporate control over essential services and industries.
Who was Eugene Debs?
One of the founders of the Socialist Party and its candidate for president in five elections from 1900 to 1920
Debs was a significant figure in American socialism and labor movements.
What was Eugene Debs’ background before joining the Socialist Party?
A former railway union leader who adopted socialism while jailed for the Pullman Strike
His experiences in labor disputes influenced his political views and activism.
What did Eugene Debs criticize?
He criticized business and supported labor
Debs believed in advocating for workers’ rights and social equity.
Which two candidates did the Republicans nominate in the Election of 1912?
President Taft and Theodore Roosevelt
Who did the Democrats nominate in the Election of 1912?
Woodrow Wilson
Which party nominated Eugene Debs in the Election of 1912?
Socialist Party
What did Roosevelt call for in his campaign during the Election of 1912?
New Nationalism
What were the key components of Roosevelt’s New Nationalism?
More government regulation of business & unions, women’s suffrage, more social welfare programs
What did Wilson pledge in his campaign during the Election of 1912?
New Freedom
What were the goals of Wilson’s New Freedom?
Limit big business & big government, bring reform by ending corruption, revive competition by supporting small business
Who won the Election of 1912?
Woodrow Wilson
Why did Wilson win the election?
People wanted to get rid of monopolies and wanted competition between businesses
What did Woodrow Wilson believe about the role of the president?
A president should actively lead Congress and, when necessary, appeal directly to the people for support.
What was Wilson’s commitment known as?
New Freedom
What did Wilson aim to attack with his New Freedom program?
The triple wall of privilege: tariffs, banking, and trusts.
What significant legislation did Wilson pass in 1913 regarding tariffs?
The Underwood Tariff, which substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years.
What was Wilson’s proposal for banking reform?
A national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by a Federal Reserve Board.
What act was passed by Congress in 1914 related to banking?
The Federal Reserve Act.
Fill in the blank: Wilson attacked the ‘triple wall of privilege’ which included _______.
tariffs, banking, and trusts.
True or False: Wilson accepted the Republican proposal for a private national bank.
False
What were the two major pieces of legislation that completed Wilson’s New Freedom program?
Clayton Antitrust Act and Federal Trade Commission
These acts aimed to regulate business practices and protect labor rights.
What did the Clayton Antitrust Act strengthen?
Provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies
It was significant for organized labor as it exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts.
What is the role of the Federal Trade Commission?
To take action against unfair trade practices in every industry except banking and transportation
This agency was established to promote fair competition.
What did the Federal Farm Loan Act establish in 1916?
Twelve regional federal farm loan banks
These banks provided farm loans at low interest rates.
What was the purpose of the Child Labor Act enacted in 1916?
To prohibit the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old
This act was favored by settlement house workers and labor unions.
What was the outcome of the Supreme Court case ‘Hammer v. Dagenhart’ in 1918?
The Child Labor Act was found to be unconstitutional
This case limited federal power in regulating child labor.
What was the focus of Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Exposition speech in 1895?
Blacks’ needs for education and economic progress were of foremost importance
Washington emphasized the importance of learning industrial skills for better wages.
What did Washington believe was necessary before blacks could achieve political and social equality?
A secure economic base
He argued that only after achieving economic stability could other goals be pursued.
Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?
A northerner with a college education and a famous writer
He is known for his book ‘The Souls of Black Folk’ (1903).
What was the main criticism Du Bois had of Washington’s approach?
He demanded equal rights for blacks
Du Bois believed that political and social rights were essential for economic independence.
What does Du Bois argue is a prerequisite for economic independence?
Political and social rights
He believed that these rights must be secured first.
What methods did Du Bois believe were necessary to gain rights?
Protests or riots, but no violence
He emphasized active resistance without resorting to violence.
Fill in the blank: Washington believed that blacks should concentrate on learning _______ skills for better wages.
industrial
True or False: Du Bois supported Washington’s emphasis on economic progress as the sole focus for blacks.
False
Du Bois criticized this approach and advocated for equal rights.
What was the percentage of African Americans living in the South at the close of the 19th century?
90%
In which decade did the migration of African Americans to the North begin?
1910
Approximately how many African Americans migrated north between 1910 and 1930?
1 million
What is another name for the urban migration of African Americans?
The Great Migration
By what year had the ratio of African Americans living in the North steadily increased?
By the 1900s
What year was the Niagara Movement founded?
1905
The Niagara Movement was established by W.E.B. Du Bois and a group of black intellectuals.
Where did the Niagara Movement meeting take place?
Niagara Falls, Canada
The meeting was focused on securing equal rights for blacks.
Who was a prominent figure in the founding of the Niagara Movement?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Du Bois was influential in discussions regarding civil rights and activism.
What organization was founded in 1908 by members of the Niagara Movement?
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
The NAACP was established alongside white progressives to combat segregation.
What was the mission of the NAACP?
Abolish all forms of segregation & increase educational opportunities for African-American children
The mission reflected the organization’s commitment to civil rights.
By what year did the NAACP become the nation’s largest civil rights organization?
1920
The NAACP had over 100,000 members by this time.
True or False: The NAACP was founded solely by black individuals.
False
The organization was founded with the help of a group of white progressives.
Fill in the blank: The Niagara Movement aimed at securing _______ for blacks.
equal rights
The movement was focused on protest and action for civil rights.
What was the membership size of the NAACP by 1920?
Over 100,000 members
This made it the largest civil rights organization in the nation.
Who became the new president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900?
Carrie Chapman Catt
Catt succeeded Susan B. Anthony.
What was Carrie Chapman Catt’s argument for women’s suffrage?
Catt argued for the vote to broaden democracy and empower women to care for their families in an industrial society.
What approach did some women adopt to gain the vote during the suffrage movement?
A more militant approach, including pickets, parades, and hunger strikes.
Who was the leader that broke from the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1916?
Alice Paul
What organization did Alice Paul form after leaving the National American Woman Suffrage Association?
National Woman’s Party
What was Alice Paul’s focus in her campaign for women’s suffrage?
Winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution.
What significant outcome resulted from Alice Paul’s efforts?
Congress agreed on the 19th amendment.
What does the 19th Amendment guarantee?
Women’s right to vote in all elections at the local, state, & national levels.
In what year was the 19th Amendment ratified?
1920
Who organized the League of Women Voters?
Carrie Chapman Catt
What is the purpose of the League of Women Voters?
To keep voters informed about candidates & issues.
What event occurred on June 28, 1914, that contributed to the outbreak of war?
Serbian nationalist assassinates Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife
This assassination is often cited as the immediate catalyst for World War I.
What action did Austria take on July 23, 1914, towards Serbia?
Austria issues an ultimatum to Serbia and invades on July 26th
The ultimatum included demands that were intentionally unacceptable to Serbia.
Which country mobilized against Austria on July 31, 1914?
Russia, an ally of Serbia
Russia’s mobilization was seen as a direct threat to Austria-Hungary.
What did Germany declare on August 1, 1914?
Germany declares war on Russia
This declaration was in support of Austria-Hungary.
On August 3, 1914, which country did Germany declare war on?
Germany declares war on France
France was an ally of Russia, and this declaration escalated the conflict.
What was Germany’s military strategy regarding Belgium?
Germany invades Belgium as it’s the fastest route to Paris
This invasion violated Belgium’s neutrality and brought Great Britain into the war.
What action did Great Britain take on August 4, 1914?
Great Britain declares war on Germany
This declaration was in response to Germany’s invasion of Belgium.
What are the underlying causes is WW1
What did Great Britain’s navy declare against Germany?
A blockade
The blockade involved seizing ships, including those from neutral nations.
What was the consequence of Great Britain’s blockade?
Violation of a neutral nation’s freedom of the seas
What warning did Germany issue regarding ships entering the war zone?
They risk being sunk by submarines
What event occurred on May 7, 1915, involving the Lusitania?
German torpedoes hit and sank the British passenger liner
Who was aboard the Lusitania when it sank?
British and Americans
What was President Wilson’s response to the sinking of the Lusitania?
He sent a strongly worded diplomatic message to Germany
What did Secretary of State Bryan do in response to Wilson’s message?
He objected and resigned from his position
What was Bryan’s reason for resigning?
He stated the message was too warlike
What other ships did Germany sink after the Lusitania?
The Arabic and Sussex
What pledge did Germany make regarding unarmed ships?
Not to sink any more unarmed ships
What was the first country to use submarine warfare
Germany
