Period 7 Flashcards
What event led to the expansion of the American empire from Puerto Rico to the Philippines?
The Spanish-American War
This war marked a significant shift in U.S. foreign policy and territorial control.
Why did the U.S. need a canal in Central America?
To connect the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans
This was essential for strategic military and trade purposes.
Who controlled Panama before the U.S. sought to build the canal?
Colombia
Colombia’s control was seen as an obstacle to the canal construction.
What action did Roosevelt take to secure the construction of the canal? When?
Supported a revolt in Panama in 1903
This was a strategic move to bypass Colombian control.
What was the outcome of the Panama revolt supported by the U.S.?
The rebellion succeeded immediately and almost without bloodshed
This rapid success allowed for swift governmental changes in Panama.
What was the first act of the new government of independent Panama?
Sign the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903
This treaty granted the U.S. long-term control of a canal zone.
What treaty allowed the U.S. to begin digging the Panama Canal without British involvement?
The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
This treaty facilitated U.S. control over the canal project.
When did the construction of the Panama Canal begin?
1904
The construction was a major engineering feat of the early 20th century.
What year was the Panama Canal completed?
1914
The completion marked a significant achievement in global maritime trade.
Who was the engineer responsible for the Panama Canal?
George Goethals
Goethals played a crucial role in overseeing the construction of the canal.
What health issue did Doctor William Gorgas address during the canal’s construction?
Eliminated mosquitoes to prevent yellow fever
This was vital for the safety and health of the workers.
What financial compensation did the U.S. Congress vote to pay Colombia in 1921?
$25 million
This payment was for Colombia’s loss of Panama.
What is the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
A policy declared in Dec. 1904 that stated the U.S. would intervene in Latin America instead of allowing European intervention.
What prompted the Roosevelt Corollary to be declared?
The desire to prevent European intervention in Latin America, which would violate the Monroe Doctrine.
What actions would the U.S. take under the Roosevelt Corollary?
Send gunboats to a delinquent Latin American country and occupy its major ports to manage customs tax collection.
Why did the U.S. occupy the major ports of Latin American countries?
To manage the collection of customs taxes until European debts were paid.
What was a consequence of the Roosevelt Corollary for U.S.-Latin American relations?
It led to poor relations as Latin Americans felt weakened by U.S. intervention.
Fill in the blank: The Roosevelt Corollary allowed the U.S. to intervene in Latin America to prevent _______.
[European intervention]
True or False: The Roosevelt Corollary strengthened U.S. relations with Latin America.
False
What was the main reason Latin Americans opposed U.S. intervention?
They did not want to appear weaker by relying on U.S. assistance.
What were the two relatively new imperialist powers in East Asia at the beginning of the 20th century?
Japan and the U.S.
How did the relationship between Japan and the U.S. change during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency?
It grew increasingly competitive.
What was the Russo-Japanese War?
A war between Russia and Japan from 1904 to 1905 due to imperialist rivalry.
What was the outcome of the Russo-Japanese War?
Japan was winning and both nations signed the Treaty of Portsmouth.
What did Japan blame the U.S. for after the Russo-Japanese War?
Not taking care of their country as needed.
What prestigious award did Theodore Roosevelt receive for his role in resolving the Russo-Japanese War?
Nobel Peace Prize.
What was the Gentleman’s Agreement?
An informal compromise in 1908 where Japan agreed to restrict emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S.
What was a major cause of friction between Japan and the U.S. concerning California?
Discriminatory laws against Japanese-Americans.
What did Roosevelt persuade California to do as part of the Gentleman’s Agreement?
Repeal its discriminatory laws.
What was the Root-Takahira Agreement?
An agreement in 1908 where the U.S. and Japan pledged respect for each other’s possessions and support for the Open Door Policy.
In what year was the Root-Takahira Agreement signed?
1908.
True or False: The Gentleman’s Agreement was a formal treaty between the U.S. and Japan.
False.
Fill in the blank: The Russo-Japanese War was fought from _____ to _____.
1904 to 1905.
What foreign policy did William Taft adopt during his presidency?
A mildly expansionist foreign policy that depended more on investors’ dollars than on the navy’s battleships.
This policy is known as dollar diplomacy.
What is dollar diplomacy?
A policy of promoting U.S. trade by supporting American enterprises abroad through private financial investment.
Specifically aimed at China and Central America.
Who was the president associated with dollar diplomacy?
William Taft.
Taft served as president from 1909 to 1913.
What did Taft believe would result from American financial investment in China and Central America?
Greater stability in those regions and promotion of U.S. business interests.
This reflects Taft’s view on the interconnectedness of investment and stability.
Fill in the blank: Taft’s foreign policy relied more on _______ than on the navy’s battleships.
investors’ dollars.
This highlights the shift from military to economic influence.
Who was responsible for the Lodge Corollary?
Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican senator from Massachusetts
What action did the Lodge Corollary take regarding non-European powers?
It excluded non-European powers such as Japan from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere
In what year did the Senate pass the Lodge Corollary?
1912
What was the primary concern that led to the creation of the Lodge Corollary?
Fearing that Japan’s government might be secretly scheming to acquire land in Mexico
What part of Mexico was involved in the Lodge Corollary situation?
A large part of Mexico’s Baja Peninsula
What was President Taft’s stance on the Lodge Corollary?
He opposed the corollary
How did the Lodge Corollary affect Japan?
It offended Japan
How did the Lodge Corollary impact Latin American countries?
It angered Latin American countries
Fill in the blank: The Lodge Corollary was an action taken to _______ non-European powers from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.
[exclude]
What is Moral Diplomacy?
A foreign policy approach that emphasizes moral standards in international relations.
During which years did Wilson serve as president?
1913-1917
What policies did Wilson oppose in his foreign relations?
Imperialism, big-stick diplomacy, and dollar diplomacy.
Who was Wilson’s Secretary of State?
William Jennings Bryan
What was the goal of Wilson and Bryan in foreign policy?
To demonstrate respect for other nations and support the spread of democracy.
What significant legislation did Wilson pass regarding the Philippines?
The Jones Act of 1916.
What did the Jones Act of 1916 grant to the Philippines?
Full territorial status, a bill of rights, universal male suffrage, and a promise of independence.
FIBS
In what year did Congress grant U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans?
1917
What provision was included in the act of Congress for Puerto Rico in 1917?
Limited self-government.
What change did Wilson persuade Congress to make regarding the Panama Canal?
To repeal the act exempting U.S. ships from paying standard canal tolls.
How many conciliation treaties did Wilson and Bryan establish?
30
What was the purpose of the conciliation treaties?
To have nations submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before military action.
Fill in the blank: Wilson aimed to correct what he viewed as _______ past policies.
wrongful
True or False: Wilson’s administration was characterized by a commitment to imperialism.
False
What was Wilson’s moral approach to foreign affairs tested by?
A revolution and civil war in Mexico
This involved Wilson’s desire for democracy to triumph in Mexico.
Who was the military dictator that Wilson refused to recognize?
General Victoriano Huerta
Huerta seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging the assassination of the democratically elected president.
What incident prompted Wilson to ask for an arms embargo against the Mexican government?
The Tampico Incident
This incident involved Americans being arrested by Mexican authorities in Tampico.
What action did Wilson take after General Huerta refused to apologize over the Tampico Incident?
Ordered the U.S. Navy to occupy Vera Cruz
This was a direct retaliation against Huerta’s refusal to apologize.
Which countries mediated the dispute between the U.S. and Mexico to avert war?
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile
This was the first dispute in the Americas to be settled through joint mediation.
Who led the revolutionary faction against the Carranza regime?
Pancho Villa
Villa was known for leading raids across the U.S.-Mexican border.
What was the outcome of General Huerta’s fall from power in late 1914?
He was replaced by a more democratic regime led by Venustiano Carranza
This regime was later challenged by Pancho Villa’s followers.
What did President Wilson order General John Pershing to do in March 1916?
Pursue Pancho Villa into Mexico
This was in response to Villa’s raids and murders in Texas and New Mexico.
What caused Wilson to withdraw Pershing’s troops in January 1917?
The growing possibility of U.S. entry into WWI
This decision was influenced by the international context and impending global conflict.
What is progressivism?
A reform movement aimed at improving life in the industrial age through moderate political changes and social improvements via government action
Progressivism emerged by the turn of the century and involved various groups and individuals.
What was the common goal of most Progressives?
To limit the power of big business, improve democracy for the people, and strengthen social justice
Most Progressives were not revolutionaries.
Fill in the blank: Progressivists are people who want _______.
[change]
Were most Progressives revolutionaries?
No
They sought moderate changes rather than radical transformations.
What kind of changes did Progressives aim for?
Moderate political changes and social improvements
These changes were to be achieved through government action.
By when had the progressivism movement developed?
By the turn of the century
This period marked the emergence of a collective desire for reform.
What did the middle-class Americans feel the need to adjust to during the Progressive era?
Changing times
The Progressive era was characterized by a reformist impulse among middle-class Americans.
What is the name given to the period characterized by the reformist impulse of middle-class Americans?
The Progressive era
This era was marked by significant social and political reforms.
Which Republican presidents were in office during the Progressive era?
Teddy Roosevelt and William Taft
Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat, also served during this era.
Which Democrat president was part of the Progressive era?
Woodrow Wilson
His term included significant reforms and the U.S. entry into WWI.
What event in 1917 diverted public attention away from domestic issues during the Progressive era?
U.S. entry into WWI
This event is considered to have brought the Progressive era to an end.
True or False: The Progressive era ended before the U.S. entered WWI.
False
The entry into WWI in 1917 marked the end of the Progressive era.
What alarmed middle-class Americans for decades?
The rising power of big business, increasing gap between rich and poor, violent conflict between labor and capital, dominance of corrupt political machines in the cities.
What were Jim Crow laws?
Racist laws in the South that made African Americans second-class citizens.
What did Progressives believe was needed in society?
Changes in society were badly needed.
What did Progressives consider the proper agency for correcting social and economic ills?
Government.
Fill in the blank: Progressives believed that __________ were badly needed.
[changes in society]
True or False: The dominance of corrupt political machines in cities was a concern for middle-class Americans.
True
Fill in the blank: Jim Crow laws made African Americans to the status of __________.
[second-class citizens]
Who were the Progressives?
Mainly middle-class citizens of cities
The Progressives were characterized by their focus on social reform and activism.
What inspired certain aspects of middle-class progressivism?
A missionary spirit from Protestant churches
This spirit emphasized social responsibility, including caring for the poor.
What did the Progressives insist on in public life?
Honesty
The insistence on honesty was part of their broader social reform agenda.
What was fortunate for the Progressives at the turn of the century?
Many dedicated and able leaders entered politics
These leaders aimed to challenge the status quo of the Gilded Age.
Name two Republican leaders associated with the Progressives.
Theodore Roosevelt and Robert La Follette
Both played significant roles in advocating for progressive reforms within the Republican Party.
Name two Democratic leaders associated with the Progressives.
William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson
Their leadership represented a shift in national politics during the Progressive Era.
Fill in the blank: Robert La Follette created _______.
primaries
Primaries were part of his efforts to democratize the political process.
What philosophy did Progressive thinkers adopt to challenge fixed notions?
Pragmatism
Pragmatism allowed Progressives to advocate for reforms by focusing on practical outcomes rather than rigid ideologies.
What did many Progressives believe regarding government efficiency?
Government could be made more efficient if placed in the hands of experts & scientific managers
This belief stemmed from the idea that specialized knowledge and methods could improve governance.
Who is known for using a stopwatch to time the output of factory workers?
Frederick Taylor
Taylor’s methods laid the groundwork for scientific management in industrial settings.
What system did Frederick Taylor develop to organize people efficiently?
Scientific management system
This system emphasized the use of data and analysis to improve productivity in the workplace.
