Period 6 1865-1900 2/11/2025 Flashcards
What percentage of Americans lived in towns or cities by 1900?
40%
This indicates the significant urbanization occurring in the United States at the turn of the century.
What transportation developments contributed to the rise of streetcar cities?
Trolleys and subways
These advancements allowed people to commute to work from homes located miles away.
When was the Brooklyn Bridge completed?
1883
The completion of the Brooklyn Bridge was a significant engineering achievement of the time.
What are ‘dumbbell tenements’?
A type of housing designed to improve living conditions in cities
Resulted from NYC City Ordinance aimed at addressing poor living conditions.
What were common issues found in tenements and flophouses?
Poor conditions, poor ventilation, rampant disease
These issues contributed to the health crises in urban areas.
What term is used to describe ethnic neighborhoods in urban settings?
Ghettos
These areas often housed immigrants and were marked by distinct cultural identities.
What motivated people to move to residential suburbs?
Affordable homes, grass, proximity to the railway system
Suburbs offered a desirable alternative to crowded urban life.
Who designed Central Park?
Frederick Law Olmstead
Central Park was an important public space in urban planning.
What was a major public concern leading to municipal reform?
Increasing disease, crime, waste, and pollution
These issues highlighted the need for improved city services and infrastructure.
What are political machines?
Organizations led by political crime bosses that manipulated voters
They often exploited vulnerable populations, including immigrants.
Who was William Tweed?
The biggest crime boss of the 1860s, associated with the Democratic Party
Tweed’s gang coerced immigrants into voting for Democrats in exchange for false citizenship documents.
True or False: One reason people moved to suburbs was to escape immigrants.
True
Suburban migration was partly driven by social tensions and economic factors.
Who was Thomas Nast?
A political cartoonist for New York times who would make cartoons exposing crime bosses.
What was the result of Thomas Nasts political cartoons?
The Government figured out about William Tweed and caught him
Who started the Hull House in Chicago?
Jane Addams
The Hull House aimed to relieve poverty and support immigrants.
What was the primary purpose of the Hull House?
To give immigrants a chance to be a part of society by teaching them job skills
This included providing education and resources for employment.
What organization provided basic necessities to the homeless while preaching the Christian gospel?
The Salvation Army
The Salvation Army focused on both physical and spiritual support.
How were families affected in urban society during this period?
- Isolated from extended family
- Decreased birth rate
- Decreased marriage rate
Economic factors and the need for women to work contributed to these changes.
What were the reasons for the decrease in birth and marriage rates?
It was expensive to raise children and women needed to work for money
If women became pregnant, they often could not work.
Who were the key figures in the women’s suffrage movement?
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Susan B. Anthony
They played significant roles in advocating for women’s voting rights.
What organization did Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony create in 1890?
The National American Woman Suffrage Association
This organization aimed to secure women’s suffrage across the United States.
Which state was the first to grant full suffrage to women?
Wyoming
Wyoming’s decision was a pioneering step for women’s rights in the U.S.
What was the focus of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union established in 1874?
Advocating for the abstinence of alcohol
The Temperance Movement sought to address social issues related to alcohol consumption.
What did Teddy Roosevelt attempt to do regarding the NYPD?
Clean up the NYPD from being corrupt
His urban reforms aimed at reducing corruption in law enforcement.
What were the initial requirements of compulsory attendance laws?
Initially required attendance for only 16 weeks
These laws evolved to ensure children would not enter factory jobs immediately.
What was the literacy rate by 1900?
90%
This significant increase reflects the improvements in public education.
What was the purpose of introducing kindergarten?
To allow parents to work while giving children a head start on education
Parents wanted their children educated before they entered the workforce.
What educational support was provided for high schools?
Tax-supported high schools
This initiative aimed to make secondary education more accessible.
What was the impact of the Morrill Land Grant Act?
It primarily established universities in the South focused on farming
The act was passed in 1862 and 1890.
Which universities were established through philanthropy?
University of Chicago and Stanford
Funded by philanthropists like Rockefeller and Vanderbilt.
Name three colleges specifically for women.
- Smith
- Bryn Mawr
- Mount Holyoke
These institutions were part of the expanding educational opportunities for women.
By 1900, what percentage of colleges were coeducational?
71%
This reflects a significant shift towards inclusivity in higher education.
What changes occurred in higher education regarding curriculum?
Changes toward liberal arts curriculum and expansion of graduate schools
This development represented a broader approach to education.
Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?
The first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard
He was a leading black intellectual advocating for civil rights.
What did W.E.B. Du Bois advocate for?
- Equality for blacks
- Integrated schools
- Equal access to higher education
His approach to civil rights differed from Booker T. Washington’s.
How did W.E.B. Du Bois differ from Booker T. Washington in terms of civil rights advocacy?
Du Bois believed in fighting for freedom
He came from a wealthy background and had a more confrontational approach.
