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APUSH > 1848-1877 12/23/2024 > Flashcards

1848-1877 12/23/2024 Flashcards

1
Q

Who dreamed that the United States would expand from sea to shining sea?

A

Thomas Jefferson

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2
Q

What concept did Americans believe in after doubling in size and taking over territory?

A

Manifest Destiny

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3
Q

What did Americans believe was ordained by G-d regarding territorial expansion?

A

To take over every territory and go to the Pacific Ocean

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Americans believed in _______ after territorial expansion.

A

Manifest Destiny

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5
Q

What two areas did Americans seek to expand into according to the concept of Manifest Destiny?

A

The Pacific Ocean and Mexican territory

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6
Q

True or False: Manifest Destiny was a belief that the expansion of the United States was justified and inevitable.

A

True

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7
Q

When did manifest destiny start at end?

A

1803 and carried into 1848 after President Polk

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8
Q

What was the busiest trade route known as?

A

Santa Fe Trail

Started from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico.

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9
Q

Where did the Santa Fe Trail start and end?

A

Started in Independence, Missouri and ended in Santa Fe, New Mexico

One of the primary trade routes in the 19th century.

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10
Q

What trail also started in Independence, Missouri?

A

Oregon Trail

Ended in Portland, Oregon.

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11
Q

What was one of the goals of travelers on the Oregon Trail?

A

Convert Native Americans to Christianity and educate them

Missionary efforts were a significant aspect of the migration.

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12
Q

What happened to many travelers along the Oregon Trail?

A

Many travelers died

Due to harsh conditions and diseases.

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13
Q

Image of trails

A
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14
Q

What year did Texas become a part of Mexico?

A

1821

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15
Q

Who was Stephen Austin?

A

An empresario - agent to bring settlers to Texas

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16
Q

What is the name given to the first 300 families brought to Texas by Stephen Austin?

A

The Old Three Hundred

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17
Q

By what year had 25,000 Americans settled in Texas?

A

1830

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18
Q

What requirements were placed on Americans living in Texas?

A
  • Become Mexican citizens
  • Become Catholic
  • Follow Mexican law
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19
Q

What action did Mexico take regarding American immigration to Texas?

A

Closed Texas to further American immigration

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20
Q

Who did Stephen Austin negotiate with after Texas was closed to American immigration?

A

Antonio López de Santa Anna

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21
Q

What happened to Stephen Austin during negotiations?

A

He was jailed

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22
Q

What significant event occurred from February 23 to March 6, 1836?

A

Mexico attacked the Texans at the Alamo

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23
Q

What was the outcome of the siege at the Alamo?

A

All Americans were killed except some women, children, and slaves

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24
Q

What battle did Sam Houston launch a surprise attack on Santa Anna?

A

The Battle of San Jacinto

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25
Q

What rallying cry became famous during the Texas Revolution?

A

‘Remember the Alamo!’

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26
Q

What was the result of the Battle of San Jacinto?

A

Texas won its independence

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27
Q

Why didn’t America help Texans fight?

A

It had nothing to do with the U.S. and it looks bad if their people went there without permission, and then the U.S. sent soldiers to back them up

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28
Q

Whose independence did Texas gain from as a result of the battle of Dan Jacinto?

A

Mexico AND America

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29
Q

What did President Polk want regarding U.S. territory?

A

Expand the U.S. territory clear to the Pacific Ocean

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30
Q

How much did Polk offer to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico?

A

$30 million

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31
Q

What was Mexico’s response to Polk’s offer to buy California and New Mexico?

A

Mexico refused

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32
Q

What was the main disagreement between Mexico and the U.S. after the annexation of Texas?

A

The Texas border

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33
Q

Which river did the U.S. claim as the Texas border?

A

Rio Grande River

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34
Q

Which river did Mexico claim as the Texas border?

A

Nueces River

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35
Q

What action did the U.S. take to patrol the disputed Texas border?

A

Sent troops

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36
Q

What event triggered Polk to declare war on Mexico?

A

The Mexican army killed U.S. troops on disputed land

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37
Q

What justification did Polk use to declare war on Mexico?

A

Mexico spilled American blood on American land

38
Q

Did the U.S. Army have better weapons and equipment compared to Mexican forces?

A

Yes

39
Q

Was the U.S. Army well-prepared for the conflict with Mexico?

A

No, it was poorly prepared

40
Q

What happened to the New Mexico territory during the conflict?

A

The U.S. took it without a fight

41
Q

Who defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista?

A

General Zachary Taylor

42
Q

Which U.S. general captured Mexico City?

A

Winfield Scott

43
Q

What treaty ended the war between the U.S. and Mexico?

A

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

44
Q

What was the Turing point of Texas fight for independence?

A

Steven Austin being Jailed

45
Q

What territories did Mexico give to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

A

California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, parts of Colorado and Wyoming

The U.S. also claimed Texas north of the Rio Grande.

46
Q

How much did the U.S. pay for the territory acquired from Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

A

$15 million

47
Q

What percentage did the Mexican Cession increase the size of the U.S.?

A

25%

48
Q

What was the purpose of the Gadsden Purchase?

A

To guarantee that any southern railroad to California would be built completely on American soil

49
Q

How much did the U.S. pay for the Gadsden Purchase?

A

$10 million

50
Q

What areas did the Gadsden Purchase include?

A

Southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico

51
Q

What did the Gadsden Purchase fix regarding U.S. and Mexico?

A

The existing boundary between the U.S. and Mexico

52
Q

What issue became the focus in the late 1840s regarding the territories gained in the Mexican War?

A

Slavery in the territories

53
Q

Who proposed the amendment to prohibit slavery in territories acquired from Mexico?

A

Pennsylvanian Congressman David Wilmot

54
Q

What was the name of the amendment proposed by David Wilmot?

A

Wilmot Proviso

55
Q

What was the outcome of the Wilmot Proviso in the House and Senate?

A

Passed in the House but defeated by the Senate

56
Q

What would the Wilmot Proviso have upset?

A

The Missouri Compromise and the balance of 15 free and 15 slave states

57
Q

Fill in the blank: The Wilmot Proviso aimed to prohibit slavery forever existing in any territories acquired from _______.

A

Mexico

58
Q

Where was gold first found during the California Gold Rush?

A

Sutter’s Mill in 1848

This discovery marked the beginning of the Gold Rush.

59
Q

What were the gold seekers who came to California in 1849 commonly called?

A

Forty-niners

This term refers to the year 1849 when the Gold Rush peaked.

60
Q

What was the primary activity of people at mining camps during the Gold Rush?

A

Prospecting (searching for gold)

Many miners sought to find gold to become wealthy.

61
Q

What types of businesses emerged in mining camps to support miners?

A
  • Laundry
  • Food
  • Innkeepers
  • Legal services
  • Supplies

These businesses catered to the needs of the miners.

62
Q

What social issue did Chinese immigrants face upon arriving in California during the Gold Rush?

A

Discrimination and a high tax on foreign miners

Many Chinese immigrants were drawn to California due to famine and economic hardship in their home country.

63
Q

What effect did the arrival of forty-niners have on California’s population?

A

Created a population boom

The influx of gold seekers significantly increased the number of people in California.

64
Q

How did immigration during the Gold Rush affect California’s demographics?

A

Increased diversity of the population

Various groups immigrated to California, contributing to its cultural diversity.

65
Q

In what year did California become a state?

A

1 year after the Gold Rush began

This rapid statehood was influenced by the population increase.

66
Q

What was one major economic impact of the Gold Rush on California?

A

Growth of new businesses and industry transformed California’s economy

The demand for goods and services led to economic expansion.

67
Q

What is popular sovereignty?

A

The principle that individual territories applying for statehood should decide the issue of slavery for themselves

This concept was proposed as a compromise solution by Lewis Cass.

68
Q

Who proposed the concept of popular sovereignty?

A

Lewis Cass, a Democratic senator from Michigan

Cass aimed to win over moderate southerners and northerners.

69
Q

What was the main idea behind Lewis Cass’s proposal regarding new territories?

A

Instead of Congress deciding on slavery, the territories should decide for themselves

This was intended to ease tensions between free and slave states.

70
Q

True or False: Popular sovereignty allows Congress to decide whether new territories should be slave states.

A

False

The individual territories were to make that decision themselves.

71
Q

What event led to an influx of 100,000 settlers into California?

A

The Gold Rush of 1849

This significant migration created a demand for law and order in the region.

72
Q

What did the Gold Rush of 1849 create a need for?

A

Law and order in the West

The rapid population increase necessitated governance and legal structures.

73
Q

Which President supported the admission of California and New Mexico as free states?

A

President Zachary Taylor

His stance was part of the broader debate over slavery in new territories.

74
Q

What was the general interest level of New Mexico in applying for statehood?

A

Little interest

This lack of interest complicated the admission process for new states.

75
Q

Who proposed the Compromise of 1850?

A

Henry Clay

Known as ‘The Great Compromiser’, he aimed to prevent civil war.

76
Q

What was the purpose of the Compromise of 1850?

A

To avoid a civil war

It was a legislative effort to address tensions between free and slave states.

77
Q

What was the outcome of California’s admission to the Union?

A

California was admitted as a free state

This was seen as a clear victory for the North.

78
Q

What principle was used to determine the slavery issue in Utah and New Mexico territories?

A

Popular sovereignty

This was viewed as a moderate victory for both sides.

79
Q

What was resolved regarding the Texas border dispute?

A

The Texas border dispute with New Mexico was resolved

This was considered a moderate Southern victory.

80
Q

How much money did Texas receive as part of the Compromise of 1850?

A

$10 million

This was part of the agreement to resolve the border dispute.

81
Q

What was abolished in the District of Columbia as part of the Compromise of 1850?

A

The slave trade

However, slavery itself was not abolished, marking a moderate Northern victory.

82
Q

What kind of enforcement was strengthened as a result of the Compromise of 1850?

A

Strong federal enforcement of the new Fugitive Slave Act

This was seen as a clear victory for the South.

83
Q

What is the Fugitive Slave Act?

A

A law that imposed penalties on anyone aiding runaway slaves.

84
Q

What penalties could someone face for helping a runaway under the Fugitive Slave Act?

A

$1,000 fine or 6 months imprisonment or both.

85
Q

Were fugitives entitled to a trial by jury under the Fugitive Slave Act?

A

No, they were not entitled to a trial by jury.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: The Fugitive Slave Act allowed for fines up to _______ for those who assisted runaway slaves.

A

$1,000.

87
Q

True or False: The 6th amendment guarantees runaway slaves the right to a trial by jury.

A

False.

88
Q

What was the underground railroad?

A

A series of escape routes for slaves traveling from the South to the North trying to gain freedom.

It was actually an above ground network.

89
Q

How did slaves travel on the underground railroad?

A

By foot, wagon, boats, and trains.

Different modes of transportation were used depending on the circumstances.

90
Q

When did slave runaways usually travel?

A

By night.

They would hide during the day to avoid capture.

91
Q

What were ‘stations’ in the context of the underground railroad?

A

Safe houses owned by abolitionists where slaves could hide.

These stations provided refuge during the day.

92
Q

Who was the most famous ‘conductor’ on the underground railroad?

A

Harriet Tubman.

She played a significant role in leading slaves to freedom.

APUSH (15 decks)

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