Period 7 1898-1945 3/13/2025 Flashcards
What amendment initiated Prohibition in the United States?
The 18th Amendment
What year was the 18th Amendment ratified?
1919
What act was passed to enforce the 18th Amendment?
The Volstead Act
What social movement was prominent before the enforcement of Prohibition?
Temperance movements
What were bars that sold bootleg alcohol during Prohibition called?
Speakeasies
True or False: People adhered strictly to the laws of Prohibition.
False
What illegal activity became a significant business during Prohibition?
The sale of illegal booze
What role did police, judges, and elected officials play during Prohibition?
They were bought off to look the other way
Fill in the blank: The sale of illegal alcohol during Prohibition led to the rise of _______.
Organized crime
What is Nativism?
A political policy favoring the interests of native inhabitants over those of immigrants.
What did the First Quota Act of 1921 limit?
Immigration to 3% of people from a given nation counted in the census.
What did the Second Quota Act of 1924 do?
Restricted those considered undesirables from immigrating.
What was the stance of the KKK in the 1920s?
Made a comeback and became anti-communist
Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?
Two Italian immigrants convicted of robbery and murder.
What did liberals protest regarding Sacco and Vanzetti?
They were being accused and convicted mainly because they were immigrants.
What was the outcome for Sacco and Vanzetti?
They were executed in 1927 even though they weren’t guilty.
Fill in the blank: The First Quota Act of 1921 limited immigration to _____ of people from a given nation counted in the census.
3%
True or False: The Second Quota Act of 1924 was more lenient than the First Quota Act of 1921.
False
What was the purpose of the Washington Conference in 1921?
To address disarmament and peace among major naval powers.
What did the Five Power Treaty entail?
Nations with the 5 largest navies agreed to maintain a certain amount of warships.
Which countries were involved in the Four Power Treaty?
U.S., France, Great Britain, and Japan.
What was the agreement of the Four Power Treaty?
To respect one another’s territory in the Pacific.
What did the Nine Power Treaty guarantee?
Respect for the Open Door policy and the territorial integrity of China.
What is the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
An international agreement signed by almost all nations to renounce war as a means of national policy.
Who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931?
Jane Addams.
What was the significant achievement of Jane Addams in 1928?
Success in her peace movement with the signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
What were the limitations of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
It permitted defensive wars and failed to provide for action against violators.
What did Mexico’s constitution of 1917 mandate regarding mineral and oil resources?
Government ownership of their nation’s mineral & oil resources
This was a significant shift in resource management in Mexico, impacting foreign investments.
What concerns did U.S. investors have regarding their properties in Mexico?
They feared that their properties might be confiscated
This fear led to diplomatic negotiations to protect their interests.
What was the outcome of the negotiations in 1927 regarding U.S. interests in Mexico?
A peaceful resolution protecting their interests was negotiated
This resolution aimed to stabilize U.S.-Mexico relations.
Why were the oil reserves in the Middle East significant?
They were recognized as a major source of potential wealth
This recognition led to increased interest from foreign companies.
What advantage did British oil companies have in the Middle East?
They had a large head start in the region
This initial advantage influenced the competitive landscape for oil drilling rights.
Who succeeded in winning oil-drilling rights for U.S. companies in the Middle East?
Secretary of State Hughes
This was a pivotal moment for U.S. interests in Middle Eastern oil.
What was the Fordney-McCumber Tariff?
A tariff passed by Congress in 1922 that increased duties on foreign manufactured goods by 25%
This tariff aimed to protect American industries.
What was the European response to the high U.S. tariffs?
They imposed tariffs of their own on American imports
This led to a trade war that affected international trade relations.
How much did the U.S. lend to the Allies during WW?
More than $10 billion
This amount reflects the financial support provided by the U.S. to its allies during World War I.
Which U.S. Presidents insisted that Britain and France pay back their war debts?
Harding & Coolidge
Both presidents were firm in their stance regarding the repayment of war loans.
What objections did Britain and France raise regarding their war debts?
They pointed out that they suffered worse losses than the Americans, the borrowed money had been spent in the U.S., and high U.S. tariffs made it difficult to pay debts.
These objections highlight the economic difficulties faced by Britain and France post-war.
What was the Dawes Plan?
A compromise created by Charles Dawes to facilitate reparations accepted by all sides.
The plan aimed to resolve the issue of German reparations and stabilize the European economy.
Who created the Dawes Plan?
Charles Dawes
Dawes was Coolidge’s Vice President and played a significant role in addressing post-war economic issues.
What was the primary function of the U.S. banks under the Dawes Plan?
To lend Germany huge sums to rebuild its economy and pay reparations to Britain & France.
This lending was crucial for the financial recovery of Germany and the repayment of debts owed by Britain and France.
How did Britain and France use the reparations money received from Germany?
To pay their war debts to the U.S.
This created a circular flow of money that was intended to stabilize the economies of the involved nations.
What happened to U.S. bank loans after the stock market crash of 1929?
They stopped
The cessation of loans contributed to the collapse of the economic prosperity that the Dawes Plan had established.
True or False: The Dawes Plan ultimately led to sustained prosperity in Europe.
False
The prosperity propped up by the Dawes Plan collapsed after the 1929 stock market crash.
Who said the quote ‘The only thing we have to fear is fear itself’?
FDR
In what year was the quote ‘The only thing we have to fear is fear itself’ said?
1933
During which event did FDR deliver the quote about fear?
Inaugural address
What was the context in which FDR’s quote was delivered?
As millions listened on their radios during a time of economic downfall
What had Americans experienced for 4 years leading up to FDR’s quote?
The worst economic downfall in history
What were Americans gripped with during the economic downfall mentioned by FDR?
Fear for their survival
Who said the quote ‘The only thing we have to fear is fear itself’?
FDR
In what year was the quote ‘The only thing we have to fear is fear itself’ said?
1933
During which event did FDR deliver the quote about fear?
Inaugural address
What was the context in which FDR’s quote was delivered?
As millions listened on their radios during a time of economic downfall
What had Americans experienced for 4 years leading up to FDR’s quote?
The worst economic downfall in history
What were Americans gripped with during the economic downfall mentioned by FDR?
Fear for their survival
What event is referred to as the Wall Street Crash?
The event on October 24, 1929, when stocks were sold at high volumes causing prices to plunge.
This event marked the beginning of the Great Depression.
What is Black Thursday?
October 24, 1929, when high volumes of stock selling caused a significant drop in prices.
It is considered the start of the stock market crash.
What happened on Black Tuesday?
On October 29, 1929, prices plummeted as brokers were instructed to sell all stocks.
This day is often cited as the worst day of the stock market crash.
What action did bankers take the day after Black Thursday?
Some bankers bought millions of stocks hoping to stabilize prices.
This was an attempt to restore confidence in the market.
What was the trend of stock selling following Black Thursday?
The selling resumed on the following Monday after Black Thursday.
This indicated a lack of recovery in the market.
What was one of the causes of the Great Depression related to income?
Uneven Distribution of Income
This refers to the disparity in wealth among different segments of society.
What economic activity contributed to the Great Depression?
Stock Market Speculation
Speculation in the stock market involved risky investments that led to financial instability.
What was a significant cause of the Great Depression related to borrowing?
Excessive Use of Credit
Many individuals and businesses borrowed beyond their means, leading to widespread defaults.
How did the agricultural sector contribute to the Great Depression?
Weak Farm Economy
The agricultural sector faced significant challenges, including falling prices and crop failures.
What percentage of banks closed during the Great Depression?
20% of all banks closed
This closure wiped out $10 million in savings accounts.
How many people were unemployed during the Great Depression?
13 million
This figure represents over 25% of the workforce, excluding farmers.
What term was used to describe makeshift communities where homeless people lived during the Great Depression?
Hoovervilles
Named after President Hoover, who was criticized for his inaction during the crisis.
True or False: President Hoover took significant actions to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression.
False
Many believed that Hoover did not do enough to help those affected by the economic downturn.
