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Pentose phosphate pathway Flashcards

1
Q

The three metabolic pathways of glucose are?

A

Oxidation via glycolysis to yield pyruvate, ATP & NADH
Formation of polysaccharides
Oxidation via PPP to yield ribose-5-phosphate & NADPH for reductive biosynthesis

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2
Q

An alternative metabolic pathway for glucose oxidation in which no ATP is generated is called?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

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3
Q

PPP is also known as?

A

Hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP Shunt)

6-Phosphogluconate pathway

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4
Q

Four properties of PPP are?

A

More complex pathway than glycolysis
More anabolic in nature
Takes place in the cytosol
Concerned with the biosynthesis of NADPH & pentoses

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5
Q

Four tissues that are highly active in HMP shunt are?

A

Adrenal gland
Liver
Testes
Lactating mammary gland

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6
Q

The two products of PPP are?

A

NADPH

Pentose

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7
Q

Four importance of NADPH are?

A

Biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids
detoxification of drugs
Phagocytosis requires NADPH
NADPH keeps the Fe2+ iron of haemoglobin in a reduced state

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8
Q

Two importance of Pentoses are?

A

Use in the synthesis of nucleic acids and many nucleotides

Produces carbohydrates for cell wall synthesis for some growing organisms

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9
Q

Nucleic acid examples are?

A

DNA

RNA

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10
Q

Nucleotide examples are?

A

ATP
NAD+
coA

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11
Q

HMP Shunt sequence of reactions are divided into?

A

Two phases

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12
Q

The first phase of the HMP shunt is?

A

Oxidative phase(non-reversible)

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13
Q

The oxidative phase has how many ___reactions

A

3

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14
Q

In the first reaction, __1__ catalyzes the conversion of Glucose-6-phosphate into __2__

A
  1. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD)

2. 6-phosphogluconolactone

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15
Q

The two products of the first reaction are?

A

6-phosphogluconolactone and NADPH

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16
Q

In the second reaction, 6-phosphogluconolactone is hydrolyzed into?

A

6-phospho-D-gluconate

Gluconolactonase

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17
Q

In the third reaction, oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phospho-D-gluconate is done to produce?

A

Ribulose-5-phosphate
NADPH
(6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase)

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18
Q

PPP is most active in?

A

Cells where large amounts of lipids are synthesized (liver, adipose tissue, mammary glands)
Cells that are at high risk for oxidative damage (RBC)

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19
Q

Under the oxidative phase of PPP, Glucose-6-phosphate undergoes __1__ & _2__ to give a pentose, and D-ribulose-5-phosphate

A

Dehydrogenation

Decarboxylation

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20
Q

Non-oxidative phase has ___ reactions

A

2

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21
Q

In the first reaction, ribulose-5-phosphate is converted to ribose-5-phosphate by?

A

Ribulose-5-phosphate isomerase

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22
Q

Ribulose-5-phosphate may also be converted to xylulose-5-phosphate by?

A

Ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase (main reaction)

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23
Q

__ &__ catalyze the interconversions of trioses, Pentoses & hexoses

A

Transketolase

Transaldolase

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24
Q

A TPP requiring enzyme that transfers two carbon units from a ketose to an aldose is called?

A

Transketolase

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25
Transketolase catalyzes how many reactions?
2
26
In the first reaction, transketolase transfers 2 carbon units from xylulose-5-phosphate to?
Ribose-5-phosphate
27
The products of the first transketolase-catalyzed reaction are?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | Sedoheptulose-7-phospate
28
In the second reaction, 2 carbon units are transferred from another xylulose-5-phosphate to?
Erythrose-4-phosphate
29
The products of the second transketolase-catalyzed reaction are?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | Fructose-6-phosphate
30
The coenzyme form of thiamine is?
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
31
An enzyme that transfers three-carbon units from a ketose to an aldose is called?
Transaldolase
32
In the reaction catalyzed by transaldolase, 3 carbon units are transferred from sedoheptulose-7-phospate to?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
33
The products formed from the transaldolase-catalyzed reaction are?
Fructose-6-phosphate | Erythrose-4-phosphate
34
The result of the non-oxidative phase of the reaction pathway is the synthesis of?
Ribose-5-phosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Fructose-6-phosphate(F6P)
35
The glycolytic intermediates are?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) | Fructose-6-phosphate(F6P)
36
The function of Ribose-5-phosphate is?
Nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis
37
The function of the glycolytic intermediates is?
Glycolysis
38
The reaction for the oxidative phase is?
Glucose-6-phosphate + 2NADP+ +H20> ribose-5-phosphate + CO2 + 2NADPH +2H+
39
The reaction for the non-oxidative phase is
6glucose-6-phosphate + 12NADP+ + 6H20> 5glucose-6-phosphate + 12NADPH + 12H+ +6CO2
40
Four functions of PPP are?
Production of NADPH for biosynthesis Formation of ribose-5-phosphate for nucleic acid biosynthesis A route for the conversion of pentoses to F6P and G3P Reduces glutathione to maintain RBC membrane integrity
41
The most common inborn error of PPP occurs at the?
Oxidative phase of reaction pathway
42
An x-linked recessive hereditary genetic disorder which leads to abnormal low levels of G6PD in the cell is?
G6PD deficiency
43
G6PD deficiency affects mainly?
RBCs
44
G6PD deficiency causes RBCs to break down prematurely in a process called?
Hemolysis
45
The medical condition associated with G6PD deficiency is called?
Hemolytic anemia
46
Hemolytic anemia is common in?
Africans | Areas where malaria is endemic
47
Hemolytic anemia is caused by?
Lipid peroxidation
48
The process by which free radicals "steal" electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage is called?
Lipid peroxidation
49
G6PD prevents oxidative cellular damage by?
Providing substrates
50
G6PD is an enzyme found in the ____ of all cells in the body
Cytoplasm
51
Five symptoms of hemolytic anaemia are?
``` Shortness of breath Paleness Muscle pain Fainting and fatigue Rapid heart rate etc ```
52
Five triggering agents of hemolytic anemia in people with G6PD deficiency are?
Certain antimalarial drugs eg chloroquine Certain chemicals eg naphthalene Analgesics eg aspirin Infections Some antibiotics eg sulfonamides & non-sulfur antibiotics
53
An example of sulfonamides is?
Sulfamethoxazole
54
Examples of non-sulfur antibiotics are?
Nalidixic acid Dapsone Isoniazid
55
Fava beans or broad beans cause hemolytic anemia through?
Favism
56
A hereditary disorder involving an allergic-like reaction to the broad, or fava, bean
Favism
57
Fava beans contain the compounds vicine and convicine which are ____ agents
Oxidizing
58
vicine and convicine reduce the RBC____
Cell wall
59
Four lab diagnosis of hemolytic anemia are?
Haptoglobin estimation Butler fluorescence test Lactate dehydrogenase I test Complete blood count to know the number of RBC
60
Inclusions within red blood cells composed of denatured hemoglobin are called?
Heinz bodies or Heinz-Ehrlich bodies
61
An abnormally shaped mature red blood cell with one or more semicircular portions removed from the cell margin is called?
A degmacyte or bite cell
62
Treatments for hemolytic anemia include
blood transfusions medicines plasmapheresis surgery blood and marrow stem cell transplants and lifestyle changes

Year Two (27 decks)

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