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Year Two > Biochemistry of Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Biochemistry of Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules that occur naturally in living organisms are?

A

Biomolecules

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2
Q

The four main types of BIOMOLECULES are?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids

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3
Q

The bond mostly found in biomolecules is?

A

Covalent bond

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4
Q

BIOMOLECULES consists of?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Sulphur
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5
Q

Some functions of carbohydrates are?

A

They serve as structural component of cell membrane

They serve as a source of fuel and energy

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6
Q

The general molecular formula of carbohydrates are?

A

(CH2O)n

where n>3

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7
Q

Carbohydrates are_____ or compounds which give these substances on hydrolysis

A

Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

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8
Q

The three major classes of carbohydrates are?

A

Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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9
Q

Monosaccharides are also called?

A

Simple sugars

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10
Q

Monosaccharides consist of?

A

3-7 carbon atoms

Single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit

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11
Q

Most abundant monosaccharides are the?

A

6 carbon sugars

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12
Q

Example of 6 carbon sugars are?

A

D-glucose

Fructose

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13
Q

The monosaccharide structure consists of?

A

Unbranched, single bonded carbon chain backbone

1 carbon atom attached to an oxygen atom by double bond

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14
Q

The 2 families of monosaccharides are?

A

Aldoses

Ketoses

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15
Q

Monosaccharides containing aldehydes are called?

A

Aldoses

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16
Q

Monosaccharides containing ketones are called?

A

Ketoses

17
Q

When a carbohydrate reacts, mostly the ___ reacts

A

OH ion

18
Q

Molecules with more than one OH group either at the terminal carbon atom(aldose) or second carbon atom (ketose) are called?

A

Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

19
Q

The change in optical rotation because of the change in equilibrium between 2 anomers when their corresponding stereo centers interconvert is called?

A

Mutarotation

20
Q

Some physical properties of monosaccharides are?

A

Colourless, crystalline compounds
Soluble in water.
Optically active solutions
Exhibit mutarotation

21
Q

A carbon that has four different groups or atoms attached to it and has optical activity in solution is called?

A

Asymmetric or chiral carbon

22
Q

The designation of a sugar isomer as the D- or L- form is determined by?

A

The spatial relationship to the parent compound of the carbohydrate family

23
Q

D- means?

A

Dexter(right) or dextrorotatory (+)

24
Q

L- means

A

Laevus(left)

Levorotatory (-)

25
Q

A mixture that has equal amounts of D and L isomers, with no optical activity is called?

A

Racemic or DL mixture

26
Q

Sugars that differ from one another, only in configuration around one carbon atom or carbohydrates which vary in one position for the placement of the -OH group are called?

A

Epimers

27
Q

A sugar whose anomeric carbon is attached to a hydroxyl group that can reduce compounds is called?

A

Reducing sugar eg maltose & lactose

28
Q

A sugar whose anomeric carbon is not attached to a hydroxyl group that can reduce compounds is called?

A

Non-reducing sugar eg sucrose

29
Q

Either of a pair of chemical compounds whose molecular structures have a non-superimposable mirror-image relationship to each other is called?

A

An enantiomer

30
Q

A mixture of equal quantities of two enantiomers, or substances that have dissymmetric molecular structures that are mirror images of one another is called?

A

Racemic mixture, also called racemate

31
Q

The main difference between anomers and epimers is that anomers differ from each other in its structure at their ___1___whereas epimers differ from each other at any one of the ___2____ present in their structure

A
  1. anomeric carbon

2. Chiral carbons

32
Q

Carbohydrates that differ from each other in its structure at their anomeric carbon are called?

A

Anomers

33
Q

An anomeric carbon may be a?

A

Hemiacetal or Hemiketal carbon

34
Q

A carbon that is attached to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms is called?

A

Chiral carbon (asymmetric carbon)

35
Q

A carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon (the ketone or aldehyde functional group) of the open-chain form of the carbohydrate molecule is called?

A

Anomeric carbon

36
Q

Carbohydrates that are stereoisomer compounds with molecules that are not mirrored images of one another and are not superimposable are called?

A

Diastereomers

37
Q

Diastereomers have different?

A

Physical properties

38
Q

An aldehyde reacts with an alcohol to form a?

A

Hemiacetal or acetal ring

39
Q

An ketone reacts with an alcohol to form a?

A

Hemiketal or metal ring

Year Two (27 decks)

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