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Year Two > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

In human cells, there are ___ chromosomes

A

46

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2
Q

There are ___ homologous pairs, called the autosomes

A

22

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3
Q

There are ___ sex chromosomes

A

2

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4
Q

___ is the female sex chromosomes

A

XX

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5
Q

___ is the male sex chromosomes

A

XY

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6
Q

Germ cells or sex cells consist of __ & __?

A

Sperm &

Oocyte (ovum)

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7
Q

Non-germ cells are called?

A

Somatic cells

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8
Q

The sequence of events that controls cell growth and division is called?

A

Cell cycle

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9
Q

The period of time it takes for a cell to complete one cell division is called?

A

Cell cycle

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10
Q

The cell cycle is divided into four phases namely?

A

G0
Gap 1(G1)
Synthesis (S)
Gap 2(G2)

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11
Q

How many checkpoints are in the cell cycle?

A

Three

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12
Q

The G1/S checkpoint ensures?

A

Cell nutrition, size and environment are favourable

DNA is intact

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13
Q

G2/M checkpoint ensures?

A

DNA is completely replicated

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14
Q

Metaphase/Anaphase checkpoint ensures?

A

DNA is intact

Chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle

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15
Q

The G1/S checkpoint prepares for?

A

DNA replication and entering of S phase

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16
Q

G2/M checkpoint prepares the cell for?

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

Metaphase/Anaphase checkpoint prepares?

A

Cytokinesis

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18
Q

G1, S & G2 phases are collectively referred to as?

A

Interface

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19
Q

Three characteristics of G1 phase are?

A

Longest part of the cycle
Active RNA & protein synthesis
Cell volume is restored to its original size

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20
Q

Three properties of S phase are?

A

DNA replication
Histone synthesis
Centrosome duplication

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21
Q

One property of G2 phase is?

A

Proteins required for mitosis accumulate

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22
Q

Three properties of G0 phase are?

A

Prolonged non-dividing phase
Differentiated & specialized cells
Temporarily or permanently suspended cell cycle activities

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23
Q

The cell cycle checkpoints are regulated by cytoplasmic proteins called?

A

Cyclins

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24
Q

Cyclins activate?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases(CDK’s)

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25
CDK's initiate/induce progression through the?
Cell cycle
26
Progression through the cell cycle is halted by adverse conditions like?
Inadequate nutrition Inappropriate cellular microenvironments DNA damage
27
Somatic reproduction of cells is called?
Mitosis
28
Mitosis includes?
Segregation of replicated chromosomes Nucleus division(karyokinesis) Cytoplasm division (cytokinesis) Production of two identical daughter cells
29
The events of mitosis are subdivided into 5 major stages namely
``` Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
30
In prophase?
Centrioles move apart Spindle forms Nucleolus disappears Kinetochores develop at centromeres of each chromatid
31
In prometaphase?
Mitotic spindle moves into nuclear area Nuclear membrane disappears Each duplicated chromosome becomes attached at the kinetochore
32
In metaphase?
Chromosomes condense further Kinetochores at each centromere attach to the mitotic spindle Chromosomes align themselves at the cell equator
33
In Anaphase?
Spindle poles move further move apart Microtubules lengths changes Sister chromatids separate and are pulled towards opposite spindle poles
34
In telophase?
Nuclear membrane forms Centrioles duplicate Nucleoli reappear Chromosomes decondense
35
Slowly dividing population of cells that serve to renew the differentiated cells of tissues are called?
Stem cells
36
Stem cells divide ___?
Asymmetrically
37
Stem cells produce one cell that remains as a ____ and another cell that differentiates into a ____
Stem cell | Progenitor cell
38
Progenitor cells are also called?
Transit amplifying cells
39
Embryonic stem cells are theoretically?
Totipotent(able to differentiate into any other cell type)
40
Stem cells found in adults are either____ or ____
Multipotent(produce cells of several lineages) Eg multipotent haematopoietic stem cells produce all blood formed elements Unipotent( produce a single cell type) eg unipotent epidermal stem cells produce epithelial cells
41
A special form of cell division in germ cells in which the chromosome number is reduced from Diploid (2n) to haploid (n) is called?
Meiosis
42
Meiosis involves two successive cell divisions namely?
Meiosis 1 | Meiosis 2
43
The cell resulting from meiosis differs from other cells in?
Number of chromosomes is reduced to half | Genetic information isn't identical
44
Prophase 1 is divided into 5 stages namely?
``` Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis ```
45
In prophase 1?
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes Each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere Homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes pair form a tetrad Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear Crossing over occurs at the chiasmata
46
The random exchange of genes between homologous chromosome segments is called?
Crossing over
47
In metaphase 1?
Homologous pairs of chromosomes align at the cell equator | Spindle fibers from either pole attach to the kinetochore of any one of the chromosome pairs
48
In Anaphase 1?
Chromosomes migrate to poles | Chromatids separate
49
In telophase 1?
Nuclear envelope is re-established Two daughter cells are formed Each daughter cell contains 23 chromosomes (n) Each chromosome is composed of two similar sister chromatids not genetically identical
50
Meiosis 2 properties are?
A brief interphase without DNA replication (no S phase) | Two daughter cells divide producing four daughter cells each with its own recombined genetic material
51
Mitosis has ____ of homologous chromosomes, meiosis has ____ of homologous chromosomes
no pairing | pairing
52
Mitosis occurs in only _____organisms, while meiosis occurs in _______of humans, animals, plants & fungi
All | Reproductive cells
53
Mitosis has only _____ cell division, meiosis has ____
One | Two
54
Mitosis has ____ diploid daughter cells, meiosis has ____ haploid cells
two | four
55
Mitosis reproduction type is _____ , meiosis is _____
asexual | sexual
56
Crossing over ____ in mitosis, crossing over ____ in meiosis
doesn't occur | occurs
57
Mitosis produces _____ organisms or cells, meiosis produces _____ organisms or cells
identical | different
58
N + 1 = 24 and N - 1 =22 This describes a condition where members of a pair fail to separate resulting in one daughter cell having an extra chromosome and the other daughter cell at the opposite pole minus a chromosome. This is known as?
Nondisjunction of chromosomes
59
The resulting zygote upon fertilization with a normal gamete containing 23 chromosomes will have either____ or____
``` 47 chromosomes (trisomy for that extra chromosome) 45 chromosomes (monosomy for the missing chromosome) ```
60
Which Chromosomes are usually affected by chromosome nondisjunction?
``` 8 9 13 18 21 ```
61
Defects caused by chromosome nondisjunction are?
``` Down syndrome(trisomy 21) Klinefelter syndrome(XXY) ```
62
Down syndrome(trisomy 21) is characterized by?
Mental retardation Short stature Congenital heart malformations
63
Klinefelter syndrome(XXY) is characterized by?
Infertility Variable degrees of masculinazation Small testes
64
The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell is called?
Aneuploidy
65
The process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism, thus providing a genome-wide snapshot of an individual's chromosomes is called?
Karyotyping
66
The chromosome characteristics of an individual cell is known as?
Karyotype
67
Karyotypes provide information about the___&___ of an organisms chromosomes
Number | Morphology

Year Two (27 decks)

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