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Year Two > Middle Mediastinum, Pericardium, Heart > Flashcards

Middle Mediastinum, Pericardium, Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The inter-pleural space in the thorax is called the?

A

Mediastinum

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2
Q

The mediastinum is bounded laterally by?

A

Pleural cavities

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3
Q

The mediastinum is bounded anteriorly by?

A

Sternum and transverses thoracis muscles

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4
Q

The mediastinum is bounded posteriorly by?

A

Vertebral column

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5
Q

The mediastinum is bounded caudally by?

A

Diaphragm

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6
Q

The two divisions of the mediastinum are?

A

Superior

Inferior

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7
Q

The inferior mediastinum is further divided into?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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8
Q

The anterior border of the middle mediastinum is?

A

Anterior margin of pericardium

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9
Q

The posterior border of the middle mediastinum is?

A

Posterior margin of pericardium

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10
Q

The lateral border of the middle mediastinum is?

A

Mediastinal pleura of the lungs

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11
Q

The superior border of the middle mediastinum is?

A

Imaginary line between sternal angle and T4 vertebrate

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12
Q

The inferior border of the middle mediastinum is?

A

Superior surface of the diaphragm

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13
Q

The contents of the superior mediastinum are?

A 
Superior thoracic inlet
Sternal angle of Louis
Great vessels
Ligaments arteries
Cardiac plexus
Trachea
Phrenic nerve
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14
Q

The contents of the anterior mediastinum are?

A 
Pericardium
Sternum
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Branches of the internal thoracic vessels
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15
Q

The contents of the posterior mediastinum are?

A

Posterior part of the pericardium and vertebrae(T4-T12)
Thoracic aorta
Oesophagus
Continuous with the superior mediastinum

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16
Q

The space bounded by the anterior and posterior parts of the pericardium is called?

A

Middle mediastinum

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17
Q

The contents of the middle mediastinum are?

A 
Heart
Phrenic nerve
Pericardium
Roots of the great vessels
Arch of the azygos vein
Main bronchi
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18
Q

The great vessels are the?

A

Aorta
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Vena cavae

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19
Q

A fibroserous membrane that encloses the heart and other aspects of the great vessels is called?

A

Pericardium

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20
Q

Pericardium is divided into?

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

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21
Q

The pericardium that is continuous with the central tendon of the diaphragm and blends with the adventitia of the great vessels roots is called

A

Fibrous pericardium

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22
Q

The pericardium that is further divided into parietal and visceral layer is called?

A

Serous pericardium

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23
Q

The two layers of the pericardium are divided by two sinuses called the?

A

Transverse

Oblique

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24
Q

The fibrous pericardium is attached anteriorly to the __1__ by __2__

A
  1. Posterior surface of the sternum

2. Sternopericardial ligaments

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25
Q

The function of Sternopericardial ligaments is to?

A

Retain the heart in its position in the thoracic cavity

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26
Q

The fibrous pericardium is supplied by the?

A

Pericardiacophrenic branches of the ITA
Thoracic aorta
Bronchial and oesophageal arteries
Musculophrenic branches of the ITA

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27
Q

The arterial supply for the serous pericardium is the?

A 
Pericardiacophrenic
Thoracic aorta
Bronchial and oesophageal arteries
Musculophrenic
Inferior phrenic arteries
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28
Q

The nerve supply of the serous pericardium are the?

A

Vasomotor and sensory fibres from the phrenic and vagus nerves and sympathetic trunk

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29
Q

The potential space between the visceral and parietal layer of the serous pericardium is the?

A

Pericardial cavity

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30
Q

The transverse sinus lies posteriorly to the?

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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31
Q

The transverse sinus lies anteriorly to the?

A

SVC

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32
Q

The transverse sinus lies superior to the?

A

Left atrium

Pulmonary veins

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33
Q

The oblique sinus is surrounded by the reflection of the?

A

Serous pericardium around the right and left pulmonary veins and IVC

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34
Q

The pericardial sinuses are subdivisions of the?

A

Pericardial sac

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35
Q

The fibrous pericardium’s nerve supply by the?

A

Phrenic nerve

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36
Q

The venous drainage of the pericardium is the?

A

Azygos venous system

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37
Q

Four clinical correlates of pericardium are?

A

Pericarditis
Cardiac tamponade
Pericardial effusion
Pericardiocentesis

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38
Q

An inflammation of the pericardium, which may result in cardiac tamponade, pericardial effusion, pericardial murmur and precordial and epigastric pain is called?

A

Pericarditis

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39
Q

A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle is called?

A

Heart attack(myocardial infarction)

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40
Q

Sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing and consciousness is called?

A

Cardiac arrest

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41
Q

Pericardial murmur or pericardial friction rub sounds like__1__ which can be heard on __2__

A
  1. The rustle of silk

2. auscultation

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42
Q

An Acute compression of the heart caused by accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericardial cavity from wounds to the heart is called?

A

Cardiac tamponade

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43
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space resulting from inflammation caused by acute pericarditis is called?

A

Pericardial effusion

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44
Q

A surgical puncture of the pericardial cavity to remove excess fluid using a syringe is called?

A

Pericardiocentesis

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45
Q

In pericardiocentesis the needle misses the lungs and pluera, but penetrates the pericardium because of the?

A

Cardiac notch

46
Q

A mixed motor/sensory nerve which originates from the ventral Rami of C3-C5 is called?

A

Phrenic nerve

47
Q

The two branches of the phrenic nerve are the?

A

Right phrenic nerve

Left phrenic nerve

48
Q

The phrenic nerve supplies the?

A

Diaphragm

49
Q

The heart is _____ in shape

A

Trapezoidal

50
Q

The heart lies ____ in the middle mediastinum of the thorax

A

Obliquely

51
Q

The heart is the size of a ____

A

Cupped fist

52
Q

The weight of the heart in men is?

A

300-350g

53
Q

The weight of the heart in women is?

A

250-300g

54
Q

The four chambers of the heart are the?

A

Left and right atria

Left and right ventricles

55
Q

The muscular pump responsible for blood circulation is called?

A

The heart

56
Q

The heart has ____ borders

A

4

57
Q

The right border of the heart is the?

A

Right atrium

58
Q

The left border of the heart is the?

A

Mainly the left ventricle

Partly the auricular appendage of the left atrium

59
Q

The inferior border of the heart is the?

A

Mainly by the right ventricle

Partly by the lower part of the right atrium and thee apex of the left ventricle

60
Q

The heart has five surfaces namely?

A 
Anterior
Inferior
Posterior
Right pulmonary surface
Left pulmonary surface
61
Q

Anterior (or sternocostal) surface of the heart is the?

A

Right ventricle.

62
Q

Posterior (or base) surface of the heart is called the?

A

Left atrium.

63
Q

Inferior (or diaphragmatic) surface of the heart is the?

A

Left and right ventricles.

64
Q

Right pulmonary surface of the heart is the?

A

Right atrium

65
Q

Left pulmonary surface of the heart is the?

A

Left ventricle

66
Q

Right border of the heart is the?

A

Right atrium

67
Q

Inferior border of the heart is the?

A

Left ventricle and right ventricle

68
Q

Left border of the heart is the?

A

Left ventricle (and some of the left atrium)

69
Q

Superior border of the heart is the?

A

Right and left atrium and the great vessels

70
Q

The sulci of the heart are divided into two namely?

A

The coronary sulcus (external)

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

71
Q

The sulcus that separates the atria from the ventricles is the?

A

Coronary sulcus

72
Q

The contents of the coronary sulcus are the?

A

Right coronary artery
Small cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

73
Q

The sulci that separate the two ventricles on the anterior and diaphragmatic (inferior) surface respectively is called?

A

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

74
Q

The contents of the anterior interventricular sulcus are the?

A

Anterior interventricular artery

Middle cardiac vein

75
Q

The contents of the posterior interventricular sulcus are the?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

Middle cardiac vein

76
Q

One third of the heart lies to the right of the?

A

Midline

77
Q

The right border of the heart extends from the right __1___ to the right __2__

A
  1. 3rd costal cartilage

2. 6th costal cartilage

78
Q

The inferior border of the heart extends from the right __1__ to the left __2__

A
  1. 6th costal cartilage

2. 5th intercostal space also forming the apex

79
Q

The apex of the heart is formed by the?

A

Inferolateral part of the Left Ventricle

80
Q

The apex of the heart lies posteriorly on the surface of the?

A

5th intercostal space and mid clavicular line

81
Q

The mitral valve closure (HS1) is loudest at the?

A

Apex of the heart

82
Q

The base of the heart is formed by the?

A

Right atrium

83
Q

The base of the heart receives the?

A

Superior Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

84
Q

The base of the heart is the posterior aspect of the heart bordering the?

A

Bodies of the vertebrae T6-T9

85
Q

The right atrium receives blood from the whole body except the?

A

Pulmonary veins

86
Q

The right atrium is __1__ than the left atrium, buy has a __2__ wall

A
  1. Larger

2. Thinner

87
Q

The right atrium has __1__ anteriorly and a __2__ posteriorly

A
  1. Rough wall

2. Smooth wall

88
Q

The anterior rough wall is made up of the?

A

Atrium proper
Auricle
Pectinate muscles

89
Q

The posterior smooth wall is made up of the?

A

Sinus venarum

Superior and inferior Vena Cava

90
Q

The right atrium contains the ___1__ of the IVC and the __2__ of the coronary sinus

A
  1. Eustachian valve

2. Thebesian valve

91
Q

The features of the right atrium are?

A 
Right auricle
Sinus venarum(Sinus venarum cavarum)
Pectinate muscles
Crista terminalis
Fossa ovalis
Venae cordis minimae
92
Q

A conical muscular pouch of the upper anterior portion of the right atrium that covers the first part of the right coronary artery is called?

A

Right auricle

93
Q

A smooth wall posteriorly separated from the muscular atrium by the crista terminalis is called?

A

Sinus venarum

94
Q

Prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located in the interior of both auricles and the right atrium is called?

A

Pectinate muscles

95
Q

A vertical muscular ridge that separates the sinus venarum from the right atrium proper is called?

A

Crista terminalis (provides the origin for the pectinate muscles)

96
Q

The smallest cardiac veins are called?

A

Venae cordis minimae

97
Q

An oval shaped depression in the inter atrial septum is called?

A

Fossa ovalis

98
Q

The sulcus terminalis marks the?

A

Vena Cava

99
Q

The left atrium has ___ walls than the right atrium

A

Thicker

100
Q

The left atrium has ___ walls

A

Smooth

101
Q

The left atrium is the most ____ of the four chambers

A

Posterior

102
Q

The left atrium lies __1__ to the right atrium and__2__ to the oesophagus

A
  1. Posterior

2. Anterior

103
Q

The left and right _____ enter the left atrium witj oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary veins

104
Q

The left atrium empties blood into the left ventricle via a ____

A

Bicuspid(mitral) valve

105
Q

The right ventricle makes up the major portion of the ____ of the heart

A

Anterior(sternocostal) surface

106
Q

The features of the right ventricle are?

A 
Trabeculae carneae cordis
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
Conus arteriosus(infundibulum)
Interventricular septum
Septomarginal trabecula(moderator band)
107
Q

Anastomosing muscular ridges of myocardium in the ventricles are?

A

Trabeculae carneae cordis

108
Q

Cone shaped muscles enveloped by the endocardium are?

A

Papillary muscles

109
Q

Extension from one papillary muscles to more than one cusp of the tricuspid valve is called?

A

Chordae tendineae

110
Q

The upper smooth walled portion of the right ventricle that leads to the pulmonary trunk is called?

A

Conus arteriosus(infundibulum)

Year Two (27 decks)

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