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Year Two > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

In 1665, ____ used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

In 1673, _____ was first to view living organisms

A

Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

In 1838, a German botanist named ____ concluded that all plants were made of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

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4
Q

In 1839, a German zoologist named _____ concluded that all animals were made of cells

A

Theodore Schwann

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5
Q

___&___ are the cofounders of the cell theory

A

Theodore Schwann

Matthias Schleiden

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6
Q

In 1855, a German medical doctor named ____ observed cell dividing under the microscope and reasoned that all cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division

A

Rudolph Virchow

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7
Q

The three postulates of the cell theory are?

A

All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
Cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division

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8
Q

The two types of cells are?

A

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

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9
Q

Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles are called?

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

Four features of prokaryotes are?

A

Single circular chromosome
Nucleoid region
Surrounded by cell membrane and cell wall
Contain ribosomes

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11
Q

The two types of cells are?

A

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

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12
Q

Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles are called?

A

Prokaryotes

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13
Q

Four features of prokaryotes are?

A

Single circular chromosome
Nucleoid region
Surrounded by cell membrane and cell wall
Contain ribosomes

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14
Q

Cells that have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles are called?

A

Eukaryotes

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15
Q

Example of prokaryotes are?

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

Examples of Eukaryotes are?

A

Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

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17
Q

Three main features of eukaryotes are?

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm with membrane bound organelles

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18
Q

Two main types of Eukaryotic cell are?

A

Plant cell

Animal cell

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19
Q

Four features of organelles are?

A

Microscopic
Perform various cell functions
May or not be membrane-bound
Found in the cytoplasm

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20
Q

Some examples of cell organelles are?

A 
Cell or plasma membrane
Lysosome
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Golgi bodies
Centrioles
Mitochondria
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21
Q

The cell/plasma membrane is composed of____&____

A

Double layer of phospholipids

Proteins

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22
Q

Two functions of cell membrane are?

A

Protection
Selective permeability
Allow cell recognition
Anchoring sites for cytoskeleton filaments

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23
Q

Phospholipids heads contain glycerol & phosphate and are _____

A

Hydrophilic

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24
Q

Phospholipids tails are made of fatty acids and are ____

A

Hydrophobic

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25
Q

Phospholipids make up a ____ where tails point inward toward each other

A

Lipid Bilayer

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26
Q

Phospholipids can move ___ to allow small molecules(CO2, O2 & H2O)

A

Laterally

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27
Q

____ help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition

A

Cell membrane proteins

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28
Q

Two types of cell membrane proteins are?

A

Peripheral

Integral

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29
Q

____are attached on the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane

A

Peripheral proteins

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30
Q

___ are embedded completely through the memebrane

A

Integral proteins

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31
Q

Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane is called?

A

Cytoplasm

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32
Q

Two functions of cytoplasm are?

A

Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

Contains organelles

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33
Q

The cell organelle bounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with pores is called?

A

Nucleus (usually the largest organelle)

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34
Q

Two function of the nucleus are ?

A

Control and coordinate all the activities of the cell

Contains DNA in chromosomes

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35
Q

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called?

A

Nuclear envelope/memebrane (contains nuclear pores for materials to enter and leave the nucleus)

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36
Q

DNA appears as _____ in non-dividing cells

A

Chromatin

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37
Q

DNA is condensed and wrapped around proteins to form?

A

Chromosomes

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38
Q

____ is the hereditary material of the cell

A

DNA

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39
Q

The organelle that makes ribosomes inside the nucleus is called?

A

Nucleolus(disappears when cell divides)

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40
Q

The functions of the cytoskeleton are?

A

It helps cell maintain cell shape

It helps move organelles around

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41
Q

Cytoskeleton a is made up of____, ____&____

A

Proteins
Microfilaments(threadlike, made of actin)
Microtubules (tubelike, made of tubulin)

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42
Q

The organelle found in animal cells only is?

A

Centrioles

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43
Q

The function of centrioles is?

A

To form mitotic spindle to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of cells

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44
Q

The site of cellular respiration in the cell is?

A

Mitochondria

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45
Q

Two features of mitochondria are?

A

Cristae(folded inner membrane)

Matrix(interior)

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46
Q

Mitochondria are inherited from your ____

A

Mother(egg cell)

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47
Q

Network of hollow membrane tubules connected to nuclear envelope & cell membrane is called?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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48
Q

Two functions of endoplasmic reticulum are?

A

Synthesis of cell products

Transport

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49
Q

Two kinds of Endoplasmic reticulum are?

A

Rough

Smooth

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50
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes?

A

Membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell

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51
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes?

A

Makes membrane lipids(steroids)
Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (liver)

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52
Q

The main difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum is?

A

Presence of ribosomes on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum

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53
Q

Ribosomes are made up of ___&___

A

Proteins

rRNA

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54
Q

Function of ribosomes is

A

Protein synthesis

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55
Q

Ribosomes are either attached to the _____ or free in the ____

A

Rough ER

Cytoplasm

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56
Q

Sacks of flattened sacks having a CIS face and a TRANS face is called?

A

Golgi bodies

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57
Q

The shipping side of Golgi bodies is called?

A

CIS face

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58
Q

The receiving side of Golgi bodies is called?

A

Trans face

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59
Q

Function of Golgi bodies is?

A

Modify, sort and package molecules from ER for storage or transport out of the cell

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60
Q

Materials are transported from the Rough ER to Golgi bodies to the cell membrane by ____

A

Vesicles

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61
Q

Two functions of lysosomes are?

A

Break down food, bacteria and worn out cell parts

Programmed for cell death(Apoptosis?

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62
Q

Function of cilia/flagella is?

A

Moving cells, fluids or small particles across the cell membrane

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63
Q

___ are shorter and more numerous on cells

A

Cilia

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64
Q

___ are longer and fewer on cells(usually 1-3)

A

Flagella

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65
Q

The basic functional and structural unit of various tissues and organs is called?

A

Cell

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66
Q

The human body has ____ cells

A

75-100 trillion

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67
Q

The chemical composition of the cell is?

A 
Water(70-85%)
Proteins(10-20%)
Ions(sodium, potassium etc)
Lipids(2%)
Carbohydrates
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68
Q

The chemical composition of cell membrane is

A

Proteins(55%)
Lipids(42%)
Carbohydrates(3%)

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69
Q

The cell membrane is about ___ in size

A

75-100A°

70
Q

Classification of cell membrane proteins are?

A

Structural proteins(glycoproteins & lipoproteins)
Pumps( transport ions across the membrane)
Receptors( binds hormones and neurotransmitters)
Carriers(transport various substances by facilitated diffusion)
Enzymes(peripheral proteins)
Ion channels(integral proteins)

71
Q

G

A 
Cell or plasma membrane
Lysosome
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Golgi bodies
Centrioles
Mitochondria
72
Q

In the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane, FLUID depicts

A

Free movement of phospholipids and proteins within the membrane like a liqiud

73
Q

In the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane, MOSAIC depicts

A

The pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from above

74
Q

The type of transport in the cell membrane that doesn’t require energy and moves due to gradient is called?

A

Passive Transport

75
Q

Examples of gradient are?

A

Concentration
Pressure
Charge etc

76
Q

Types of passive transport are?

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

77
Q

The movement of molecules to equalise gradient (high to low)

A

Diffusion

78
Q

The movement of fluid from lower concentration to higher concentration through semi-permeable membrane is?

A

Osmosis

79
Q

Solvent + Solute =?

A

Solution

80
Q

A solution that has more solutes in the cell than outside is called?

A

Hypotonic solution (outside solvent flows into the cell)

81
Q

A solution that has equal amount of solutes inside and outside of the cell is called?

A

Isotonic solution

82
Q

A solution that has more solutes outside the cell than inside is called?

A

Hypertonic( fluid will flow out of the cell)

83
Q

The transport of molecules and ions via transmembrane integral proteins(channels? through differentially permeable membrane is called?

A

Facilitated diffusion

84
Q

Process of facilitated transport includes

A

Protein binds with molecules
Shape of protein changes
Molecules move across membrane

85
Q

The type of transport that requires energy is called?

A

Active transport

86
Q

Two types of active transport are?

A

Primary active transport

Secondary active transport

87
Q

Materials transported by active transport are either in ____ or ____

A 
Ionic form(sodium, potassium, calcium etc)
Non-ionic form(glucose, amino acid etc)
88
Q

The type of active transport in which energy is liberated directly from ATP breakdown is called?

A

Primary active transport

89
Q

Active transport of sodium requires ___

A

sodium-potassium ATPase pump

90
Q

Sodium potassium ATPase pump has 2 subunits namely?

A

Alpha subunit

Beta subunit

91
Q

Sodium potassium pump has 6 receptor sites namely?

A

3 receptor sites for sodium ion from the inner surface
2 receptor sites for potassium ion from the outer surface
1 receptor site for the enzyme ATPase

92
Q

Calcium is transported by the?

A

Calcium pump(obtains energy from ATP breakdown)

93
Q

Calcium pumps are present in____ of all cells and mitochondria

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

94
Q

Hydrogen is transported by?

A

Hydrogen pump(obtains energy from ATP breakdown)

95
Q

Hydrogen pump is present in organs like?

A

Stomach(parietal cells of gastric glands)

Kidney(in epithelial cells of distal tubules

96
Q

The type of active transport in which substances are transported with sodium ion by means of a carrier protein in the same or opposite direction is called?

A

Secondary active transport

97
Q

Two types of secondary active transport are?

A

Cotransport

Countertransport

98
Q

A carrier protein that transports 2 different molecules in the same direction across the cell membrane is called?

A

Symport

99
Q

Example of Symport is?

A

Transport of sodium and glucose

Transport of sodium and amino acids

100
Q

A carrier protein that transports 2 different molecules in opposite direction across the cell membrane is called?

A

Antiport

101
Q

Example of Antiport is?

A

Sodium calcium countertransport
Sodium magnesium countertransport
Sodium hydrogen countertransport

102
Q

Three special types of active transport are?

A

Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis

103
Q

Special active transport move large materials like?

A

Particles
Organisms
Large molecules

104
Q

Movement of large molecules into cells is called?

A

Endocytosis

105
Q

Two types of endocytosis are?

A

Bulk-phase(non-specific)

Receptor-mediated(specific)

106
Q

The process of endocytosis include?

A

Plasma membrane surrounds material
Edges of membrane meet
Membranes fuse to form vesicle

107
Q

Two forms of endocytosis are?

A

Phagocytosis(cell eating)

Pinnocytosis(cell drinking)

108
Q

Movement of large molecules out of cell is called?

A

Exocytosis

109
Q

Process of exocytosis is?

A

Vesicle moves to cell surface
Membrane of vesicle fuses
Molecules expelled

110
Q

The communication between neighbouring cells or the contact between the cell and the extracellular matrix is called?

A

Cell junction

111
Q

Three types of cell junctions are?

A

Occluding junctions
Anchoring junctions
Communicating junctions

112
Q

The cell junction that seals cells together into sheets(forming an impermeable barrier) is

A

Occluding junction/tight junctions

113
Q

The cell junction that attach cells and their cytoskeleton to other cells or extracellular matrix (providing mechanical support) is?

A

Anchoring junctions

114
Q

The cell junction that allows exchange of chemical/electrical information between cells is called?

A

Communicating junctions

115
Q

Cell to cell connections are mediated by?

A

Cadherins

116
Q

Cadherins participate in?

A

AdherenS junctions

117
Q

Tight junctions proteins are?

A

Claudin

Occludin

118
Q

___ allow cells to exchange electrical/chemical signals

A

Gap junctions

119
Q

Gap junctions channels subunits are?

A

Connexins

120
Q

Connexins assemble together to form?

A

Connexons

121
Q

Connexons from two cells form a?

A

Gap junction

122
Q

How do cells alter their connections to other cells?

A

Alter the profile of cytoskeletal connections, receptors and extracellular matrix
Alter the binding affinity of receptors

123
Q

Receptors are mostly ____ dependent

A

Ca2+

124
Q

Receptors are mostly affected by____

A

Protein kinases

125
Q

___ joins the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighboring cell

A

Desmosome

126
Q

___allows passage of small water soluble ions and molecules

A

Gap junction

127
Q

____ anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

A

Hemidesmosome

128
Q

___ seals neighboring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them

A

Tight junction

129
Q

___ allow cells to exchange electrical/chemical signals

A

Gap junctions

130
Q

Gap junctions channels subunits are?

A

Connexins

131
Q

Connexins assemble together to form?

A

Connexons

132
Q

Connexons from two cells form a?

A

Gap junction

133
Q

How do cells alter their connections to other cells?

A

Alter the profile of cytoskeletal connections, receptors and extracellular matrix
Alter the binding affinity of receptors

134
Q

Receptors are mostly ____ dependent

A

Ca2+

135
Q

Receptors are mostly affected by____

A

Protein kinases

136
Q

___ joins the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighboring cell

A

Desmosome

137
Q

___allows passage of small water soluble ions and molecules

A

Gap junction

138
Q

____ anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

A

Hemidesmosome

139
Q

___ seals neighboring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them

A

Tight junction

140
Q

____ is also known as zona occludenn

A

Tight junction

141
Q

The two types of proteins involved in the formation of tight junctions are?

A

Integral membrane proteins: occludin,claudin, JAM’s

Scaffold proteins:cinguilin,symplekin

142
Q

JAM’s mean?

A

Junctional adhesion molecules

143
Q

Four functions of tight junctions are?

A

Strength and stability
Fencing function
Blood-brain barrier
Selective permeability

144
Q

Four disease caused by tight junction protein’s genes mutations are?

A

Hereditary deafness
Ichthyosis (scary skin)
Synovial sarcoma (soft tissue cancer)
Sclerosing cholangitis (inflammation of bile ducts?

145
Q

Two types of anchoring junctions are?

A

Actin filament attachment

Intermediate filament attachment

146
Q

Two types of actin filament(MF) attachment are?

A 
Cadherins (cell to cell)
Focal adhesion (cell to matrix)
147
Q

Two types of intermediate filament(IF) attachment are?

A

Desmosomes (cell to cell)

Hemidesmosomes(cell to matrix)

148
Q

Dysfunction of the cadherins and focal adhesion junctions due to protein mutations causes ___&___

A

Colon cancer

Tumor metastasis

149
Q

Dysfunction of hemidesmosomes causes?

A

Bullous pemphigoid

150
Q

Connexons are either___ or ___

A

Homomeric

Heteromeric

151
Q

Gap junction intercellular channels are either____ or ____

A

Homotypic

Heterotypic

152
Q

Three functions of gap junctions include?

A

Exchange of chemical messengers between the cells
Rapid propagation of action potential from one cell to another
Allows passage of glucose, amino acids and other substances with a molecular weight less than 1000

153
Q

Factors that regulate the diameter of gap junctions are?

A

pH
Electrical potential
Hormones or neurotransmitters
Calcium ion concentration

154
Q

Mutations of genes encoding connexins causes diseases like?

A 
Deafness
Keratoderma
Cataract
Peripheral neuropathy
Heterotaxia
155
Q

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment is called?

A

Homeostasis

156
Q

Maintenance of homeostasis is carried out by?

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

157
Q

The nervous system regulates homeostasis by?

A

Controlling and coordinating bodily activities that require rapid responses
Detects and initiates reactions to changes in external and internal environment

158
Q

The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by?

A

Releasing hormones

159
Q

Homeostasis is continuously disrupted by?

A 
External stimuli (heat, cold, toxins etc)
Internal stimuli(body temperature, blood pressure, water and glucose concentration etc)
160
Q

Components of homeostasis system are?

A 
Sensors) receptors
Comparator/control centre
Effectors
Feedback control
Communication system
161
Q

Sensors) receptors detects?

A

Changes in the internal environment

162
Q

Comparator/control centre fixes?

A

The set point of the system

163
Q

The function of effectors is to?

A

Bring the system back to the set point

164
Q

Two types of feedback control are?

A

Positive feedback

Negative feedback

165
Q

Positive feedback/positive feedback loop ____ the original stimulus

A

Intensifies/increases

166
Q

Negative feedback/negative feedback loop ____ the original stimulus

A

Reverses/shuts off

167
Q

Example of positive feedback loop is?

A

Childbirth

168
Q

Example of negative feedback loop is?

A

Most feedback systems in the body eg blood pressure

169
Q

A homeostatic control system must be able to?

A

Receive signal from the receptor
Integrate this information with other relevant information
Send a signal to the appropriate organ or gland to make the necessary adjustment
Sense deviations from the norm itself

170
Q

The general control centre for homeostasis is the?

A

Brain(hypothalamus)

The pancreas is it’s own control centre for blood sugar

171
Q

___ are responses made after change has been detected

A

Feedback

172
Q 
In blood pressure system (negative feedback) march the following?
Stimulus-\_\_\_
Receptor/sensor-\_\_\_
Control centre/comparator-\_\_\_
Effector-\_\_\_
A

Blood pressure
Baroreceptors
Brain(hypothalamus)
Heart

Year Two (27 decks)

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