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Year Two > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The four basic types of tissues are?

A

Epithelium tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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2
Q

Connective tissue is composed of_____ &______?

A

Cells(fibroblasts etc)
Fibers
Ground substance (extracellular matrix)

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3
Q

Three functions of connective tissue are?

A

Architectural framework of the body.
Bind together and provide mechanical support for other tissue
Inflammatory response/wound repair

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4
Q

The common origin for all connective tissue is called?

A

Mesenchyme

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5
Q

All connective tissue have common ____, ____& _____

A

Origin
Structure
Function

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6
Q

Mesenchyme consists of?

A

Reticular fibers
Cells
Ground substance

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7
Q

Connective tissue is classified into _____&_____?

A

Connective tissue proper

Specialized connective tissue

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8
Q

Connective tissue proper is divided into_____&_____?

A

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

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9
Q

Loose connective tissue is divided into____&____?

A

Areolar tissue

Adipose tissue

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10
Q

Dense connective tissue is divided into_____&_____?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

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11
Q

Dense regular connective tissue is divided into____&____?

A

White fibrous connective tissue

Yellow elastic connective tissue

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12
Q

White fibrous connective tissue is divided into____&____?

A

Cord(tendon)

Sheet

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13
Q

Yellow elastic connective tissue is divided into___&___?

A

Cord(ligament)

Sheet

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14
Q

Specialized connective tissue is divided into___,___,___,___&___

A 
Skeletal tissues
Vascular tissues
Reticular connective tissue
Pigmented connective tissue
Mucous connective tissue
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15
Q

Vascular tissue is divided into___&___?

A

Blood

Lymph

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16
Q

Skeletal tissue is divided into____&____?

A

Cartilage

Bone

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17
Q

Cartilage is divided into____, ____&___?

A

Hyaline
Fibrous
Calcified

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18
Q

Bone is divided into____&___?

A

Compact

Spongy

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19
Q

Loose connective tissue has predominance of?

A

Ground substance

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20
Q

Dense connective tissue has predominance of?

A

Fibers

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21
Q

Dense regular connective tissue fibers form?

A

Parallel bundles

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22
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue fibers are?

A

Disordered

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23
Q

Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of?

A

Fibers(collagen reticular & elastic)

Ground substance

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24
Q

Connective tissue cells are divided into___&___?

A

Fixed

Free

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25
Q

Fixed connective tissue cells are?

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Tissue macrophages
Mast cells

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26
Q

Free connective tissue cells are?

A 
Immune cells(lymphocytes & plasma cells)
Inflammatory cells(neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils & activated macrophages)
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27
Q

Fibers in connective tissue are___, ___&___?

A

Collagen
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers

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28
Q

Collagen is the most abundant____ in the human body

A

Protein(30% of dry weight)

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29
Q

Collagen fibers are divided into___&___?

A

Fibril-forming or fibril-associated

Cross-linked networks

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30
Q

Fibril-forming or fibril-associated are found in?

A 
Skin
Tendon
Cartilage
Bone
Dentin
Blood vessels
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31
Q

Cross-linked networks are found in?

A

Basement membranes

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32
Q

Reticular fibers are a specialized type of _____

A

Collagen(type III; reticulin)

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33
Q

Reticular fibers are found in?

A 
Smooth muscle
Lymphatic stroma
Haematopoietic organs
Liver
Spleen
Uterus
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34
Q

Elastic fibers are thin fibers or fenestrated sheets composed of_____&_____

A

Various glycoproteins

Elastin(protein)

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35
Q

Elastic fibers are found in tissues that experience repeated deformation like?

A 
Skin
Blood vessels
Lung
Bladder
Ligaments
36
Q

The word “reticular” means?

A

Network

37
Q

Collagen fibers are found in all_____

A

Connective tissues(most abundant)

38
Q

Elastic fibers are produced by?

A

Smooth muscle cells

39
Q

The colour of collagen fibers when stained by H&E is

A

Orange/pink

40
Q

The colour of collagen fibers when stained by Trichrome is

A

Blue/green

41
Q

Reticular fibers don’t form?

A

Fiber bundles

42
Q

Reticular fibers are stained with?

A

Silver impregnation

43
Q

Reticular fibers form a?

A

Delicate supporting framework for highly cellular tissues like spleen, bone marrow etc

44
Q

Reticular fibers are thinner than?

A

Type I collagen

45
Q

Reticular fibers are composed of?

A

Type III collagen

46
Q

Type III fibrils have a diameter of?

A

30-40nm

47
Q

Type I fibrils have a diameter of?

A

~200nm

48
Q

Three clinical disorders resulting from collagen synthesis defects are?

A

Type 1 Osteogenesis imperfecta
Type 3 Ehlers-Danlos(type IV)
Multiple Scurvy

49
Q

Symptoms of Osteogenesis imperfecta are

A

Spontaneous fractures
Progressive hearing loss
Cardiac insufficiency

50
Q

Symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos are?

A

Hypermobility of digits
Hyperextensible skin
Early morbidity/mortality from aorta or intestine rupture

51
Q

Symptoms of scurvy are?

A

Ulceration of gums

Hemorrhages

52
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is caused mostly by

A

Deletions of all or part of the collagen alpha 1 gene

Mutations involving glycine

53
Q

Glycine is present at every third position in order for the _____ to form

A

Collagen triple helix

54
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndromes is a series of genetic disease caused by?

A

Faulty assembly of collagen (lysyl hydroxylase deficiency)

55
Q

Non collagen components of the extracellular matrix are?

A

Elastin

Ground substance

56
Q

Ground substance contains____,____&___

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s)
Proteoglycans
Multiadhesive matrix proteins (laminin & fibronectin)

57
Q

Elastic fibers are stained with?

A

Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin or aldehyde-fuchsin(purple/black)

H&E(glassy red)

58
Q

Elastin is rich in?

A

Glycine
Proline
Desmosine and isodesmosine
Contains little or no hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine

59
Q

Desmosine and isodesmosine are thought to?

A

Cross-link the molecules into a network of randomly coiled chains

60
Q

Marfan syndrome is a defect in?

A

Elastic fiber synthesis

61
Q

Marfan syndrome causes?

A 
Cardiovascular complications(aneurism, valve prolapse)
Skeletal defects(bones are longer and thinner than usual)
Reduced elasticity in skin and lungs
62
Q

Three properties of GAG’s are?

A

Linear(unbranched) polysaccharides
Very hydrophilic due to abundant anions
Usually bound covalently to protein core as proteoglycan, except hyaluronic acid

63
Q

Examples of GAG’S are?

A

Hyaluronic acid
Heparan sulfate
Keratan sulfate
Condroitin sulfate

64
Q

Two functions of proteoglycans are?

A

Core proteins+GAG side chains(like a bottle brush)

Bind cells, other proteins and ECM components

65
Q

Two functions of multiadhesive glycoproteins are?

A

Small glycosylated proteins containing numerous binding sites to cells, signaling molecules and other ECM components
Important for the adhesion of epithelial cells to the basal lamina via transmembrane integrin receptors

66
Q

Five functions of basement membrane are?

A 
Tissue scaffolding
Filtration
Compartmentalization
Structural attachment
Polarity induction
67
Q

PAS(periodic acid Schiff) stains complex carbohydrates and proteoglycans______?

A

Magenta

68
Q

Trachea when stained with H&E is?

A

Pink

69
Q

The most common cells in connective tissue are?

A

Fibroblasts

70
Q

Four functions of fibroblasts are?

A

Synthesize growth factors
Synthesize and secrete components of the ECM
Aid in the process of wound healing
Active & quiescent stages

71
Q

Myofibroblasts are important for?

A

Wound contraction

72
Q

Leptin regulates ____?

A

Sateity

73
Q

Angiotensinogin regulates____?

A

Blood pressure

74
Q

Steroids regulates___?

A

Sex hormones

Glucocorticoids

75
Q

Mitochondria in brown adipose tissue produces ____ rather than ATP

A

Heat

76
Q

Monocytes differentiate into ______ after escaping from blood vessels

A

Macrophages

77
Q

Primary function of Monocytes is____&____

A

Phagocytosis

Antigen presentation

78
Q

Plasma cells are mature _____

A

B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies

79
Q

Mast cells primary function is?

A

Secretory granules storage

Regulated release of histamine and other vasoactive mediators of inflammation

80
Q

Metachromasia when stained with toluidine blue, the granules bind to the dye and change to___?

A

Red

81
Q

Mast cells are responsible for the immediate _____ response characteristic of allergies, asthma etc

A

Hypersensitivity

82
Q

Connective tissue mast cells are found in?

A

Dermis of skin
Peritoneal cavity
Mucosa of the digestive and respiratory tracts

83
Q

Mast cells are derived from the German word “Maesten” meaning?

A

Fattened

84
Q

Loose connective tissue is not very resistant to?

A

Stress

85
Q

Dense regular connective tissue resists?

A

Linear mechanical stress

86
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue resists?

A

Multi-directional forces

Year Two (27 decks)

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