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Year Two > Body fluids > Flashcards

Body fluids Flashcards

1
Q

The total amount of fluid in the human body is approximately what percentage of body weight?

A

70%

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2
Q

Body fluid has two compartments namely?

A

Intracellular fluid(ICF){55%} and Extracellular fluid{ECF}(45%)

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid includes?

A

Interstitial fluid: present between the cells(80% of ECF)
Plasma: present in the blood(20% of ECF)

Also includes Lymph, synovial fluid, vitreous & aqueous humours, amniotic fluid etc.

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4
Q

Body fluids are composed of?

A

Organic substances: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, hormones, enzymes.
Inorganic substances: sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride etc

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5
Q

Barrier separating ICF from interstitial fluid is?

A

Plasma membrane

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6
Q

Barrier separating interstitial fluid from plasma is

A

Blood vessel wall

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7
Q

Most abundant cation in ECF is

A

Sodium:

  • muscle contraction
  • impulse transmission
  • fluid and electrolyte balance
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8
Q

Most abundant anion in ECF is

A

Chloride:

  • regulates osmotic pressure
  • forms HCL in gastric acid
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9
Q

Most abundant cation in ICF is

A

Potassium:

  • resting membrane potential
  • action potential
  • maintains intracellular volume
  • regulation of pH
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10
Q

Most abundant anion in ICF is

A

Proteins & phosphates

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11
Q

Sodium potassium pumps play a major role in

A

Keeping potassium high inside the cells and sodium high outside the cells

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12
Q

Second most prevalent cation in the ICF is

A

Magnesium:

  • Cofactor for certain enzymes and sodium potassium pump
  • essential for synaptic transmission
  • normal neuromuscular activity
  • myocardial function
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13
Q

List not less than four specialised fluids of the body

A 
Lymph
Milk
Cerebrospinal fluid
Sweat
Tears
Aqueous humour
Vitreous humour
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14
Q

Give at least four functions of lymph(96% water & 4% solids)

A
  • Transport lymphocytes
  • Route for intestinal fat absorption
  • Maintains structural and functional integrity of tissue.
  • Redistribution of fluid
  • Return protein from tissue spaces into blood
  • Removal of bacteria and other foreign bodies from tissues
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15
Q

Give three functions of milk(83-87% water and 13-17% solids)

A
  • milk provides galactose, a structural unit for growing infants
  • It’s metabolized to lactic acid in the small intestine which eliminates harmful bacteria
  • Source of protein, mineral and vitamins
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16
Q

Give two functions of amniotic fluid

A

Physical protection to the fetus

Medium for exchange of various chemical

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17
Q
  1. Sweat regulates body temp. by
  2. Insensible perspiration amounts to
  3. Volume of sweat produced during muscular exercise at elevated temperature per day
  4. Water content of sweat
  5. pH of sweat
  6. Non protein nitrogen (urea) in sweat
  7. Electrolyte in sweat
A
  1. Cooling and Evaporation
  2. 800-1200ml/day
  3. 10-14l
  4. 99.2-99.7%
  5. 4.7-7.5
  6. 0.07-1%
  7. Na: 12.6-127 meq/l
    K: 5-32 meq/l
    Cl: 8.5-85 meq/l
18
Q
  1. Tears are produced by
  2. Tears pH is
  3. Tears protein content is
  4. ____ lyses the cells of microorganisms by breaking down the polysaccharides of their outer layer
A
  1. Lachrymal glands
  2. 7-7.6 due to loss of CO2
  3. 0.6-0.18g/dl
  4. Lysozyme
19
Q

Give four functions of tears

A

Lysozyme protects eyes from microorganisms
Lubricates the surface of the cornea
Protects eyes from injury
Fill the irregularities of the cornea to improve optical properties

20
Q

What is body water content and body solid content of

  1. Infants
  2. Adult males
  3. Adult females
  4. Old males and females
A
  1. 73-80% water, 20-27% solid
  2. 50-60% water, 40-50% solids
  3. 40-50% water, 50-60% solids
  4. 45% water, 55% solid
21
Q

Water intake/water output is

A

2500ml/day

22
Q

Osmolality is maintained at

A

~280-300 mOsm

23
Q

Increase in osmolality

A

Stimulates thirst

ADH release

24
Q

Decrease in osmolality

A

Thirst inhibition
ADH inhibition

NB: Large changes in blood volume or pressure also stimulates ADH

25
Q

Give three principal abnormalities of water balance

A

Dehydration
Hypotonic hydration
Edema

26
Q

Hypotonic hydration is also known as

A

Cellular overhydration or water intoxication

27
Q

Hypotonic hydration occurs as a result of

A

Renal insufficiency

Rapid excess water ingestion

28
Q

Hypotonic hydration is treated with

A

Hypertonic saline

29
Q

Criterion for plasma indicator is

A

Substance should not cross capillaries

30
Q

Indicators used for plasma are

A

Evans blue dye
Radioiodinated fibrinogen
Radioiodinated albumin

31
Q

Criterion used for ECF indicators is

A

Substance should cross capillaries but not cross cell membranes

32
Q

Indicators used in ECF are

A

Isotonic solutions of sucrose, inulin, NaCl etc

33
Q

Criterion for Total body water indicators is

A

Substance should distribute evenly in ECF & ICF

34
Q

Indicators used in TBW are

A

Heavy H2O
Antipyrine
Aminopyrine
Tritiated H2O

35
Q

Give three criteria for a suitable dye

A
  • Even mixing throughout the compartment
  • The material should be relatively easy to measure
  • No physiological activity
  • Either it must be unchanged during the experiment or if it changes the amount changed must be known
36
Q

What law is obeyed in measurement of TBW?

A

Law of Mass Conservation

37
Q

Law of Mass Conservation is based on

A

Concentration in a well mixed substance that distributes itself only in the compartment of interest

38
Q

What method is used in TBW measurement

A

Indicator (dye) dilution technique

39
Q

Formula for calculating ICF volume is

A

ICF volume = Total body water - ECF volume

40
Q

Formula for calculating interstitial fluid volume is

A

Interstitial fluid volume(ISFV) = ECFV - PV

ECFV: Extracellular fluid volume
PV: Plasma volume

41
Q

Second most prevalent extracellular anion is

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Year Two (27 decks)

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