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Year Two > Carbohydrate Metabolism > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are called?

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

The two major types of carbohydrates include both?

A

Simple sugars

Complex sugars

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3
Q

Simple sugars are made up of?

A

Glucose and fructose etc

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4
Q

Complex sugars are made up of?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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5
Q

The classification of carbohydrates are?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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6
Q

Complex sugars are also called?

A

Polysaccharides

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7
Q

Polysaccharides are made up of multiple?

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

The two major functions of polysaccharides are?

A

Serve as energy storage (starch and glycogen)

Serve as structural components (chitin & cellulose)

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9
Q

Salivary amylase digests polysaccharides into?

A

Smaller oligosaccharides

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10
Q

Maltose is broken down into__1__ & __2__ by __3__

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose
  3. Maltase
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11
Q

Lactose is broken down into__1__ & __2__ by __3__

A
  1. Galactose
  2. Glucose
  3. Lactase
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12
Q

Sucrose is broken down into__1__ & __2__ by __3__

A
  1. Fructose
  2. Glucose
  3. Sucrase
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13
Q

Amylase is denatured in the stomach by?

A

HCl

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14
Q

The dietary carbohydrates are the?

A

Monosaccharides

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14
Q

The dietary carbohydrates are the?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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15
Q

Three examples of Monosaccharides are?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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16
Q

The process by which cells break down fuel molecules through different metabolic pathways to transfer their energy into high energy compounds is called?

A

Cellular respiration

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17
Q

Examples of high energy compounds are?

A 
ATP
GTP
NADH
FADH2
NADPH
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18
Q

ATP means?

A

Adenosine-5-triphosphate

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19
Q

GTP means?

A

Guanosine-5-triphosphate

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20
Q

NADH means?

A

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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21
Q

FADH2 means?

A

Reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide

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22
Q

NADPH means?

A

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

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23
Q

Why is glucose the body’s most readily available source of energy?

A

It is relatively rich in potential energy(energy stored in chemical bonds)
It supplies a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions
It can be used to produce ATP aerobically or anaerobically from its intercellular storage polymers

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24
Q

Glucose has three major pathways of utilisation, namely?

A

Glucose to pyruvate(oxidation via glycolysis)

Glucose to ribose-5-phosphate & NADH(oxidation via PPP)

Glucose to polysaccharides

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25
Q

What stores excess glucose as glycogen in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

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26
Q

In glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is converted into?

A

Two molecules of pyruvate

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27
Q

In glycolysis, some of the free energy released from glucose is conserved in the form of?

A

ATP

NADH

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28
Q

The two phases of glycolysis are?

A

Preparatory phase

Pay-off phase

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29
Q

In the preparatory phase of glycolysis, how many molecules of ATP are used?

A

2

30
Q

In the pay-off phase of glycolysis, how many molecules of ATP are produced?

A

4

31
Q

The net yield of glycolysis is?

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

32
Q

Examples of Phosphorylated derivatives of hexose sugars are?

A

D-fructose
D-mannose
D-galactose

33
Q

Hexoses can enter into the glycolytic pathway by being converted into?

A

A Phosphorylated derivative

34
Q

D-fructose is present in its free from in?

A

Fruits

35
Q

D-fructose is formed from the ____ in the small intestine

A

Hydrolysis of sucrose

36
Q

D-fructose is phosphorylated by__1__ to give__2__

A
  1. Hexokinase

2. fructose-6-phosphate

37
Q

The metabolism of D-fructose occurs in the?

A

Muscle
Kidney
Liver

38
Q

In the liver, fructose is phosphorylated by __1__ to give __2__

A
  1. Fructokinase

2. Fructose-1-phosphate

39
Q

Fructose -1-phosphate is converted into __1__ & __2__ by Fructose -1-phosphate aldolase

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde

2. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

40
Q

Phosphorylated derivatives are also called?

A

Intermediates of the glycolytic pathway

41
Q

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into __1__ by the glycolytic enzyme __2__

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

2. Triose phosphate isomerase

42
Q

Glyceraldehyde is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by?

A

ATP & triose kinase

43
Q

Fructoses enter the glycolytic pathway at step ___ of glycolysis

A

5

44
Q

Fructoses enter the glycolytic pathway as?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

45
Q

D-mannose can be found in?

A

Glycoproteins of food

Various polysaccharides

46
Q

D-mannose is phosphorylated by __1__ to give __2__

A
  1. Hexokinase

2. Mannose-6-phosphate

47
Q

Mannose-6-phosphate is isomerized by ___ to give fructose-6-phosphate

A

Phosphomannose isomerase

48
Q

Mannose enters the glycolytic pathway at step __ of glycolysis

A

3

49
Q

Mannose enters glycolysis as?

A

Fructose-6-phospate

50
Q

Galactose is converted into glucose in the ____ pathway

A

Leloir

51
Q

Galactose is converted into galactose -1-phosphate by?

A

Galactokinase

52
Q

UDP galactose is converted into UDP glucose by?

A

UDP glucose epimerase

53
Q

galactose -1-phosphate is converted into UDP galactose by?

A

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

54
Q

3 problems of galactose metabolism are?

A

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency
Galactokinase deficiency
Uridine diphosphate-galactose-4-epimerase deficiency

55
Q

The inability of the body to use galactose to produce energy is called?

A

Galactosemia

56
Q

Galactosemia is a rare disease in?

A

Infants

57
Q

Classical Galactosemia is caused by the deficiency of?

A

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

58
Q

Galactosemia is inherited as ?

A

Autosomal recessive disorder

59
Q

Mutation in the ___ on chromosome 9 is responsible for galactosemia

A

GALT gene

60
Q

Increased galactose levels in the urine is called?

A

Galactosuria

61
Q

Accumulated galactose is diverted for the production of___ by the enzyme aldol reductase

A

Galactitol

62
Q

Galactitol has been implicated in the development of?

A

Cataract

63
Q

Galactitol and galactose-1-phosphate accumulation in body tissues leads to ___ in their functions

A

Impairment

64
Q

Four clinical symptoms of galactosemia are?

A

Jaundice
Mental retardation
Weight loss(infants)
Cataract (severe cases)

65
Q

The diagnosis of galactosemia is done by measuring galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity in the?

A

Erythrocytes

66
Q

The treatment of galactosemia is carried out by?

A

Supplying diet lacking in galactose and lactose

67
Q

Galactokinase deficiency or GALK is caused by?

A

Mutation of GALK1 gene

68
Q

GALK symptom is?

A

Cataract

69
Q

GALK is treated by?

A

Eating food lacking galactose and lactose

70
Q

Uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase deficiency (GALE) symptoms are?

A

Cataracts
Liver disease
Kidney problems

71
Q

GALE is caused by?

A

Mutation in GALE gene

72
Q

Non- classical galactosemia is caused by?

A

Deficiency of UDP galactose-4-epimerase

Year Two (27 decks)

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