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Anatomy > Pelvis & Perineum > Flashcards

Pelvis & Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the pelvis?

A

sacrum & coccyx

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2
Q

What is the false (greater) pelvis?

A

upper part of the pelvis located above the pelvic brim

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3
Q

What is the true (lesser) pelvis?

A

lower part of the pelvis located below the pelvic brim

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4
Q

What is the function of the false pelvis?

A

Supports the intestines (specifically, the ileum and sigmoid colon) and transmits part of their weight to the anterior wall of the abdomen

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5
Q

Which pelvis contains the pelvic inlet & outlet?

A

true

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6
Q

What is the pelvic inlet?

A
  • Space between the greater and lesser pelvis
  • Space where a baby’s head enters the pelvis during birth
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7
Q

Is the pelvic inlet or outlet bigger?

A

inlet

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8
Q

What is the pelvic outlet?

A
  • Located at the end of the lesser pelvis
  • Space where the baby’s head emerges from the pelvis
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9
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic outlet? (PITS)

A
  • ant: pubic arch
  • lat: ischial tuberosity & sacrotuberous lig.
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10
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic inlet? (PIS)

A
  • ant: pubic symphysis
  • lat: iliopectineal line
  • post: sacral promontory
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11
Q

What is the pelvic inlet composed of?

A
  • promontory
  • ala
  • iliopectineal line -> linea terminalis (arcuate line) & pectin pubis (pectineal line)
  • symphysis pubis
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the male pelvis?

A
  • Android pelvis
  • Longer sacrum
  • Narrower pubic arch -> about 70 degrees
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the female pelvis?

A
  • Gynaecoid pelvis
  • Greater pelvic outlet -> adapted to aid the process of childbirth
  • Wider and broader
  • Less prominent ischial spines
  • higher arch -> about 90 degrees
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14
Q

What are the 2 primary joints of the pelvis?

A

sacro-iliac & pubic symphysis

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15
Q

What are the 4 articulations within the pelvis?

A
  • 2 sacroiliac joints: between the ilium and the sacrum
  • Sacrococcygeal symphysis: between the sacrum and the coccyx
  • Pubic symphysis: between the pubis bodies of the two hip bones
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16
Q

What are the 3 ligaments of the pelvis?

A
  • posterior sacroiliac ligament: supports the sacroiliac joint
  • the sacrospinous ligament: spans the sacrum to the ischial spine
  • the sacrotuberous ligament: spans the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity
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17
Q

How is the greater sciatic notch & foramen formed?

A

by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments in the lateral wall of the pelvis

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18
Q

What are the structures passing through the greater sciatic foramen? (SNIP NIP)

A
  • sciatic nerve, sup. gluteal v. & n.
  • nerve to obturator internus
  • inf. gluteal v. & n.
  • piriformis muscle, post. cutaneous n. of thigh
  • nerve to quadratus femoris
  • int. pudendal art. & n.
  • pudendal n.
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19
Q

What are the structures passing through the lesser sciatic foramen? (PINT)

A
  • pudendal nerve
  • internal pudendal artery & vein
  • nerve to obturator internus muscle
  • tendon of the obturator internus muscle
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20
Q

What are the 4 walls of the pelvis?

A
  • anterior formed by Pubic bones, pubic rami, pubis symphysis
  • 2 lateral formed by Obturator internus, piriformis muscles Sacrotuberous lig., sacrospinous lig, obturator membrane, pelvic surface of hip bone below the pelvic inlet
  • posterior formed by Sacrum, coccyx, piriformis m.
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21
Q

What 2 muscles form the pelvic wall?

A

piriformis & obturator internus

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the piriformis muscle?

A
  • originates from the sacrum and passes through the greater sciatic foramen
  • rotates the femur during hip extension and abducts the femur during hip flexion.
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23
Q

What are the characteristics of the obturator internus muscle?

A
  • originates within the pelvis and continues as a flattened tendon through the lesser sciatic foramen
  • provides hip mobility, external rotation of the hip
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24
Q

What are the major apertures in the pelvic wall?

A
  1. the obturator canal
  2. the greater sciatic foramen
  3. the lesser sciatic foramen
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25
Q

What does the pelvic floor divide into?

A

pelvic cavity & perineum

26
Q

What are the functions of the pelvic floor?

A
  • Urinary and fecal continence
  • “floor” for the abdominopelvic viscera
27
Q

What are the 2 gaps in the pelvic floor?

A
  • Urogenital hiatus–> an anteriorly situated gap, allows passage of the urethra (and the vagina in females)
  • Rectal hiatus (anal hiatus)–> a centrally positioned gap, allows passage of the anal canal
28
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator anni muscle & coccygeus muscle

29
Q

What are the 3 parts of the levator anni muscle?

A
  • puborectalis -> related to fecal continencesd
  • pubococcygeus
  • iliococcygeus
30
Q

What is the main intermediate part of the levator anni that is usually torn?

A

pubococcygeus

31
Q

What causes a prolapse in males?

A
  • pressure of obesity
  • chronic constipation
  • constant coughing
32
Q

Where do the somatic nerves of the pelvis arive from?

A

lumbosacral&coccygeal plexus

33
Q

Where does the obturator nerve arise from?

A

lumbar plexus

34
Q

Is the obturator nerve a pelvic nerve?

A

no

35
Q

What nerve provides sensory information to theexternal genitaliaas well muscular branches toperinealmuscles?

A

pudendal

36
Q

What type of nerves are responsible for parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic?

A
  • parasympathetic -> pelvic nerve
  • sympathetic -> hypogastric nerve
  • somatic -> pudendal nerve
37
Q

Which autonomic nerve is responsible for the inhibition of peristalsis & muscle contraction of genital organs during orgasm?

A

sympathetic

38
Q

What is the major artery of the pelvis?

A

internal iliac

39
Q

What are the branches of the posterior trunk of the pelvis?

A
  • iliolumbar art.
  • lateral sacral art.
  • superior gluteal art.
40
Q

What are the branches of the anterior trunk trunk of the pelvis?

A
  • obturator art.
  • umbilical art.
  • superior vesical art.
  • vaginal art.
  • uterine art.
  • middle rectal art.
  • internal pudendal art.
  • inferior gluteal art.
41
Q

What are the functions of the perineum?

A

Micturition, defecation, intercourse, & vaginal delivery

42
Q

What are the boundaries of the perineum?

A
  • Pubic symphysis -> anteriorly
  • ischiopubic rami -> anterolateral
  • Sacrum and coccyx -> posteriorly
  • Ischial tuberosities -> laterally
  • sacrotuberous lig. -> posterolateral
  • Pelvic diaphragm -> roof
  • perineal skin -> the floor
43
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

covers the anterior part of the pelvic outlet and is perforated by the urethra in both sexes and by the vagina of the female

44
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

an irregular fibromuscular mass located in the median plane between the anal canal and the perineal membrane

45
Q

What are the contents of the anal triangle?

A
  • Analaperture: the opening of the anus
  • External anal sphincter muscle: voluntary muscle responsible for opening and closing the anus
  • Ischioanal fossae (x2): spaces located laterally to the anus, filled with fat tissue
46
Q

What is the function of the anal canal within the anal triangle?

A

defecation& maintaining fecal continence

47
Q

What happens to the anal canal during defecation?

A

the anal canal is collapsed by the internal and external anal sphincters to prevent the passage of fecal material

48
Q

Which anal sphincter is involuntary & which is voluntary?

A
  • Internal anal sphincter(involuntary)
  • External anal sphincter (voluntary)
49
Q

What is the blood supply above & below the pectinate line?

A
  • above -> superior rectal art.
  • below -> inferior rectal art.
50
Q

What are the contents of the urogenital triangle in a female?

A

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, the clitoris, the vaginal and urethral orifices

51
Q

What are the contents of the urogenital triangle in a male?

A

the bulb of the penis, the scrotum, serves as a point of attachment for the penis

52
Q

What is the space between the perineal membrane & the levator anni?

A

deep perineal pouch

53
Q

What are the contents in the deep perineal pouch?

A
  • External urethral sphincter
  • Urethra
  • Deep transverse perineal muscles
  • bulbourethral glands (in male)
  • Vagina (in female)
54
Q

What are the contents in the superficial perineal pouch?

A
  • Erectile tissues that form the penis and clitoris
  • Bulbospongiosus muscle
  • Ischiocavernosus muscles
  • Superficial transverse perineal muscle
55
Q

What acts as a tear resistant body between the vagina & the external anal sphincter in females?

A

perineal body

56
Q

Damage to what can lead to prolapse of uterus in the female?

A

perineal body

57
Q

What is theterminal branch of the anterior division of theinternal iliac artery?

A

internal pudendal art.

58
Q

What are the branches of the pudendal nerves?

A
  • perineal -> superficial & deep perineal
  • inferior rectal
  • dorsal nerve of the clitoris (penis)
59
Q

What is the pathway of the pudendal nerve?

A

exits from the greater sciatic foramen, travels around the ischial spine, and passes through the lesser sciatic foramen

60
Q

What is a common cause of pudendal nerve entrapment?

A

prolonged cycling on an incorrectly positioned or improperly shaped bicycle seat (cyclist syndrome)

61
Q

What is the purpose of the pudendal nerve block?

A

providing analgesia for the 2nd stage of labor & to provide anesthesia of the perineum

62
Q

A tear in the pelvic diaphragm leads to paralysis of which muscles?

A

levator ani

Anatomy (23 decks)

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