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Anatomy > Pelvic Viscera > Flashcards

Pelvic Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

What are ureters?

A

tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder

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2
Q

What is ureteropelvic junction?

A

when the renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter

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3
Q

Where does each part of the ureter receive blood supply from?

A
  • upper -> receives blood directly from renal arteries
  • middle -> supplied by common iliac artery, abdominal aorta branch, & gonadal artery
  • distal -> receives blood from internal iliac artery branches
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4
Q

Ureters run … the uterine artery

A

underneath

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5
Q

What is a hysterectomy?

A

where the uterus & uterine artery are removed

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6
Q

What are the 3 sites where kidney stones can lodge?

A
  • junction of renal pelvis & ureter
  • pelvic inlet
  • entrance to bladder
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7
Q

What are kidney stones?

A
  • formation of Ca2+
  • pain from loin to groin
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8
Q

What are the 3 locations where ureters are at their narrowest?

A
  • uretopelvic junction
  • pelvic brim
  • where ureter enters the bladder
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9
Q

What is the placement of the bladder in males vs females?

A
  • male -> anterior to rectum
  • female -> anterior to vagina & inferior to uterus
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10
Q

What are the walls of the bladder composed of?

A

detrusor muscle

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11
Q

What are the structures of the bladder?

A
  • apex: located sup.; connected to umbilicus by med. umbilical lig.
  • body: located b/w apex & fundus
  • fundus: located post.
  • neck: formed by the merging of fundus & 2 inferolateral surfaces; continuous with urethra
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12
Q

What is a trigone in the urethra?

A
  • triangular area located within the fundus
  • formed by 3 openings
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13
Q

What are the 2 urethral sphincters?

A
  • internal -> involuntary; prevents flow of semen back into bladder during ejaculation
  • external -> voluntary; controlled by pudendal nerve
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14
Q

What occurs during micturition (urination)?

A

when bladder is full, parasympathetic nerve fibers cause detrusor muscle to contract & int. urethral sphincter to relax

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15
Q

What are the main arteries that supply the bladder?

A
  • branches of int. iliac art.
  • males -> fundus & neck supplied by inf. vesical art.
  • females -> fundus & neck vaginal art.
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16
Q

What is the role of the urethra?

A

transporting urine from bladder to ext. opening in perineum

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17
Q

What is the size of the urethra in male vs female?

A
  • female -> short
  • male -> long
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18
Q

What is Skene’s gland in the female urethra?

A

mucous glands that lie on either side of the urethra (homologous to male prostate)

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19
Q

What are the 4 parts of the male urethra?

A
  • preprostatic: 1cm extends from base of bladder & ends before entering prostate gland
  • prostatic: 3-4 cm encompassed in prostate gland; widest part of male urethra
  • membranous: begins outside prostate & ends before entering buld of penis
  • spongy (penile): travels enitre penis via corpus spongiosum
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20
Q

What are the 2 parts of the spongy urethra in males?

A
  • bulba: located in bulb of penis
  • penile: runs along length of penis
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21
Q

What is the membranous part of the urethra surrounded by?

A

skeletal muscle of the ext. urethral sphincter

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22
Q

Why are females more susceptible to bladder infections?

A

bacteria must travel farther in males due to longer urethra

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23
Q

What is the role of the rectum?

A

temporary store of feces

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24
Q

What is the final segment of the rectum that relaxes to accumulate & temporarily store feces until defecation occurs before being released by the anal canal?

A

ampulla

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25
Q

What does the rectum look like macroscopically?

A

absence of taenia coil, haustra, & omental appendices

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26
Q

The rectum is what type of structure?

A

retroperitoneal

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27
Q

In males, what is the rectovesical pouch?

A

double folding of peritoneum located b/w rectum & bladder

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28
Q

What are the 2 pouches of the rectum in females?

A
  • rectouterine: double folding of peritoneum b/w rectum & post. wall of uterus
  • vesicouterine: double folding of peritoneum b/w ant. surface of uterus & bladder
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29
Q

Is the peritoneum closed in males & females?

A
  • male -> completely closed
  • female -> not completely closed
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30
Q

What are the 3 main arteries that supply the rectum?

A
  • sup. rectal: terminal continuation of inf. mesenteric art.
  • middle rectal: branch of internal iliac art.
  • inf. rectal: branch of int. pudendal art.
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31
Q

What type of muscles support the rectum?

A

pelvic floor -> levator ani muscles (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, & puborectalis)

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32
Q

What nerves is the internal anal sphincter controlled by?

A

parasympathetic

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33
Q

What nerves is the external anal sphincter controlled by?

A

somatic from pudendal nerve

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34
Q

What are the series of relexes that happen during defecation?

A
  • relaxation of the ext. sphincter
  • contraction of abdominal wall muscles
  • relaxation of pelvic floor muscles
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35
Q

What is the msucle repsonsible for defecation?

A

puborectalis msucle

36
Q

What are the 3 types of accessory glands?

A
  • single prostate
  • pair of seminal vesicles
  • pair of bulbourethral glands
37
Q

What are the functions of the penis?

A

sexual intercourse & micturition (urination)

38
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A
  • root: located in sup. perineal pouch
  • body: located b/w root & glans
  • glans: formed by distal expansion of corpus spongiosum
39
Q

What is the root of the penis composed of?

A
  • 3 erectile tissues -> 2 crura & bulb of penis
  • 2 muscles -> ischiocavernosus & bulbospongiosus
40
Q

What is the body of the penis composed of?

A

3 cylinders of erectile tissue -> 2 corpora cavernosa & corpus spongiosum

41
Q

What does the glans of the penis contain?

A

opening of urethra

42
Q

What forms the corpora cavernose in the body of the penis?

A

left & right cruras

43
Q

The left & right cruras are located how & covered by what in the root of the penis?

A

located laterally & covered by ischiocavernosal muscles

44
Q

What forms the corpus spongiosum in the body of the penis?

A

the bulb

45
Q

What are the 4 msucles located at the root of the penis?

A
  • bulbospongiosus (x2): contracts to empty the spongy urethra of any residual semen & urine
  • ischiocavernosus (x2): contracts to force blood from the cavernous spaces in the crura into the corpora cavernosa -> helps maintain the erection
46
Q

What are the contents of the superficial perineal pouch in males?

A
  • root of penis -> bulbospongiosus & ischiocavernous
  • sup. transverse perineal muscles
  • bulbous part of spongy urethra
  • deep perineal branches of int. pudendal vessels & nerves
47
Q

What are the 2 ligaments of the penis?

A
  • suspensory: connects erectile bodies of penis to pubic symphysis
  • fundiform: runs down from the linea alba & attaches to pubic symphysis
48
Q

The penis receives blood supply from where?

A

from int. pudendal art.
* dorsal art. of penis
* deep art. of penis
* bulbourethral art.

49
Q

What is the innervation of the skin & glans penis?

A

dorsal nerve of penis from pudendal nerve

50
Q

What are the 3 contents of the scrotum?

A
  • testes: site of sperm production
  • epidymis: storage of reservoir for sperm
  • spermatic cord: collection of muscle fibers, vessels, & ducts that run to & from testes
51
Q

What is the dartos muscle in the scortum?

A
  • located beneath the skin
  • decreases surface area by wrinkling skin-> conserves heat
52
Q

What is the function of the scortum?

A
  • protect testes
  • thermoregulation of testes
53
Q

The scrotum is biologically homologous to what in females?

A

labia majora

54
Q

What is the arterial supply for the scrotum?

A
  • ant scrotal art: from ext. pudendal art.
  • post. scrotal art: from int. pudendal art.
55
Q

What is the role of pampiniform plexus?

A
  • drains testicular veins
  • role in temp. regulation
56
Q

What is the venous drainage of the testes?

A

left testicular vein -> into left renal vein -> IVC

57
Q

What is the path of the spermatic cord?

A

passes through inguinl canal -> enters scrotum via superficial inguinal ring

58
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

covers testes & spermatic cord

59
Q

What is the path of the production of semen?

A

testes -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> seminal vesicle -> ejaculation duct -> urethra

60
Q

What is the peripheral zone of the prostate?

A
  • most post. zone
  • high incidence of inflammation & carcinoma
  • area felt on DRE
61
Q

What lies posteriorly to the prostate?

A

ampulla of the scrotum

62
Q

What is the central zone of the prostate?

A

surrounds ejaculatory duct

63
Q

What is the transitional zone of the prostate?

A
  • most ant. zone
  • surrounds urethra
  • indicated in BPH
64
Q

What is the sympathetic & parasympathetic innervation of the scrotum?

A
  • sympa: inf. hypogastric plexus -> contraction & ejaculation
  • para: pelvic splanchnic -> causes dilation & erections
65
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A
  • located b/w bladder fundus & rectum
  • combines with vas deferens to form ejaculatory duct which drains into prostatic urethra
66
Q

What are the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands?

A
  • pair of glands located posterolateral to membranous urethra
  • main source of pre-ejaculation fluid
  • lubrication
67
Q

What is the external genitalia of females?

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia majora & minora
  • clitoris
  • vestibule
  • gretaer vestibular glands
68
Q

What is the internal genitalia of females?

A
  • vagina
  • uterus
  • uterine tubes
  • ovaries
69
Q

What is the external genitalia of males?

A

penis & scrotum

70
Q

What is the internal genitalia of males?

A
  • testes & epididymis
  • ductus deferens
  • 3 accessory glands -> single prostate, pair of seminal vesicles, & pair of bulbourethral glands
71
Q

What is the vulva?

A
  • composed of mons pubis, labia, vestibule, & clitoris
  • function: sensory tissue, urination, & prevent infection
72
Q

What are the structures of the vulva?

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia majora: 2 ext. folds with hair
  • labia minora: 2 int. folds w/o hair
  • vestibule: enclosed by minora -> contains urethra + ext. vaginal orifice
  • Bartholin’s glands: secrete lubricating mucus
  • clit: erectile tissue= corpora cavernosa
73
Q

What are the borders of the vagina?

A
  • ant: bladder + urethra
  • post: rectum, rectouterine pouch, & anal canal
  • lat: ureters + levator ani muscle
74
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina?

A
  • ant: smaller & lower than post; closer to vesicouterine pouch.
  • post: longest/deepest; closer to rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)
75
Q

What fornix of the vagina acts as a reservoir for semen?

A

posterior

76
Q

What are the 3 segments of the vagina?

A
  • fundus: top -> connects uterine tubes
  • body: middle -> site of implantation
  • cervix: bottom -> connects to the vagina
77
Q

What are the different positions of the uterus?

A
  • anteversion -> normal position
  • retroverted ->uterus tips backwards at the cervix
  • retroflexed -> tilt of the cervix is severely backwards
  • anteflexed -> ant. tilt of cervix is severe
78
Q

What are the 3 broad ligaments of the uterus?

A
  • mesometrium -> covers myometrium
  • mesoalpinx -> covers uterine tubes
  • mesovarium -> covers ovaries
79
Q

What provides the primary support of the uterus?

A

tone of pelvic floor

80
Q

What are the ligaments of the uterus? (R.O.C.U.S)

A
  • round -> maintains anteverted position
  • ovarian -> connects ovary to uterus
  • cardinal -> attaches cervix to lat. walls
  • uterosacral -> attaches from cervix to scrotum
  • suspensory -> connects ovary to pelvic wall
81
Q

What are the cervical structures of the uterus?

A
  • endocervix: endocervial canal -> contains internal os leading to uterus
  • ectocervix: connects to vagina -> contains external os leading to endocervix
82
Q

What are the 4 parts of the fallopian tube?

A
  1. infundibulum -> has fimbrae
  2. ampulla -> widest section of uterine fibers
  3. isthmus -> narrow section of uterine tubes connecting ampulla to uterine cavity
  4. intramural (interstitial) part -> passes wall of uterus & opens to uterine cavity
83
Q

What is the major cause of infetility in women?

A

blockage in uterine tubes

84
Q

What are the 2 ligaments of the ovary?

A
  • suspensory: form of peritoneum extending from mesovarium -> contains neurovascular structures
  • ligament of ovary: extends from ovary to fundus -> continues as round ligament of uterus
85
Q

What occurs during a transvaginal pudendal block?

A

needle is passed thorugh the vaginal mucous where the ischial spine is palpated through the wall of the vagina

86
Q

Fertilization occurs in which part of the female reproductive tract?

A

ampulla of uterine tube

Anatomy (23 decks)

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