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1
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A
  1. supports the trunk, head, and limbs
  2. protects the spinal cord
  3. provides sites of attachment for muscles
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2
Q

What is the structure of the vertebral column?

A
  1. bones = vertebra (33)
  2. connective tissues = IVD and ligaments
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3
Q

What does the vertebral foramen contain?

A
  • spinal cord
  • spinal nerve cords
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4
Q

The vertebral column is a apart of what skeleton?

A

axial

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5
Q

What are the branches of the spinal nerve? Where are they located?

A

ventral and dorsal; located in intervertebral foramen

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the ventral primary and dorsal primary ramus?

A
  • ventral: innervates superficial (extrinsic) back muscles
  • dorsal: innervates deep (intrinsic) back muscles
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7
Q

Which branch of the spinal nerve run anteriorly? Which runs posteriorly?

A
  • ant: ventral
  • post: dorsal
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8
Q

What 2 parts join together at vert. 7 and rib 7?

A

sup. coastal facet and inf. articular surface of head of rib

connects vertebrae to rib

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9
Q

What 2 parts join together at vert. 6 and rib 7?

A

inf. coastal facet and sup. articular surface of rib below

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10
Q

What 2 parts join together at the same rib (7)?

A

articular surface of transverse and tubercle of the same rib

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11
Q

What are muscles enveloped by?

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

What attaches muscles to bones?

A

tendons or aponeurosis (broad, flat tendon)

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13
Q

What is isometric movement?

A

muscle does NOT shorten; no movement occurs

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14
Q

What is isotonic movement?

A

muscle shortens and movement occurs

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15
Q

Can muscles pull or push?

A

only pull as they contract

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16
Q

What is the function of the spinous process?

A

site of attachment for muscles/ligaments

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17
Q

What is the function of the transverse process?

A
  • site of attachment for muscles/ligaments
  • articulates with ribs (thoracic vertebrae only)
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18
Q

What vertebrae bone structure connects the transverse and spinous processes?

A

lamina

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19
Q

What vertebrae bone structure connects the vertebral body to the transverse process?

A

pedicles

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20
Q

What contains the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots?

A

vertebral foramen

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21
Q

What are the anterior and posterior portions of the vertebrae bone structure?

A
  • posterior: neural arch
  • anterior: vertebral body
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22
Q

What is the anulus fibrosis?

A

outer cartilaginous part

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23
Q

What 2 parts make up the IVD?

A

anulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus

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24
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

inner gel-like part

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25
Q

Where is the IVD located?

A

in between each vertebrae

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26
Q

What 2 parts of the cervical vertebrae DO NOT have an IVD?

A

C1 and C2

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27
Q

What is the function of the synovial joint?

A
  • connects sup. articular facet with inf. articular facet
  • minimal movement
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28
Q

Which primary ramus forms the nerve plexus?

A

ventral

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29
Q

What muscles make up the nerve plexus?

A
  • cervical plexus
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
  • sacral plexus
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30
Q

What ligament runs inside of the vertebral foramen and originates from C1 & C2?

A

post. longitudinal ligament

31
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament?

A
  • covers post. protion of spinous processes
  • originates from nuchal ligament
32
Q

What portion does the intrapsinous ligament cover?

A

ant. portion of spinous processes

33
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?

A

connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae

34
Q

In the cervical vertebrae structure, where does the nuchal ligament attach?

A

to bifib spinous process

35
Q

When does the nuchal ligament turn into the supraspinous ligament?

A

once it reaches the thoracic vertebrae

36
Q

What contains the vertebral artery?

A

transverse foramen

37
Q

What are the characterstics of the C1 vertebrae?

A
  • aka “atlas”
  • AO (atlanto-occiptal) joint directly attaches to skull
  • no vetebral body
  • allows you to say yes
38
Q

What are the characterstics of the C2 vertebrae?

A
  • aka “axis”
  • AA (atlanto-axial) and dens serve as axis for C1
  • allows you to say no
39
Q

What turns into the post. longitudinal ligament at the thoracic vertebrae?

A

tectorial membrane

40
Q

Where is the tectorial membrane located?

A

post. to alar and cruciate ligament

41
Q

What is the cruciate ligament?

A
  • covers post. surface of dens
  • located post. to alar ligament
42
Q

What is the function of the alar ligament?

A

covers post. surface of dens

43
Q

What are the prime movers of musculature?

A

flexors and extensors

44
Q

What are antagonists is muscle movement?

A

oppose movement

45
Q

What muscles are superficial (extrinsic)?

A
  • trapezius
  • latis. dorsi
  • rhomboid minor & major
  • levatro scapulae
  • serratus post. superior & inferior
46
Q

What muscles are deep (intrinsic)?

A
  • splenius capitis
  • splenius cervicis
  • erector spinae
  • transversospinalis
47
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the trapezius?

A
  • occipital bone
  • nuchal ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
  • spinous processes
48
Q

What are the distal attachments of the trapezius?

A
  • spine of scapula
  • acromion process
  • lateral clavicle
49
Q

What is the arterial supply of the trapezius?

A
  • dorsal scapular art. -> branches off subclavian art.
  • transverse cervical art. -> branches off subclavian art.
50
Q

What is the innervation of the trapezius?

A

accessory nerve -> branches off cervical plexus

51
Q

What are the movements of the trapezius?

A
  • elevate
  • adduct
  • depress
  • rotate scapula upward
52
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the latissimus dorsi?

A
  • spinous processes (thoracic-lumbar)
  • sacrum
  • crest of ilium
53
Q

What is the distal attachment of the latissimus dorsi?

A

medial hip of bicipital groove (humerus)

54
Q

What is the arterial supply of the latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal art. -> branches off axillary art.

55
Q

What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal art. -> branches off brachial plexus

56
Q

What are the movements of the latissimus dorsi?

A
  • extension
  • adduction
  • medial rotation = “waiter’s tip”
57
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the rhomboids minor & major?

A

spinous processes

58
Q

What is the distal attachment of the rhomboids minor & major?

A

vertebral border of scapula

59
Q

What is the arterial supply of the rhomboids minor & major?

A

dorsal scapular art. -> branches off subclavian art.

60
Q

What is the innervation of the rhomboids minor & major?

A

dorsal scapular nerve -> branches off brachial plexus

61
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the levator scapulae?

A

transverse processes

62
Q

What is the distal attachment of the levator scapulae?

A

vertebral border of scapula

63
Q

What is the arterial supply of the levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular art. -> branches off subclavian art.

64
Q

What is the innervation of the levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular nerve -> branches off brachial plexus

65
Q

What is the arterial supply of the serratus posterior superior & inferior?

A

intercostal art. (branches off from ribs)

66
Q

What is the innervation of the serratus posterior superior & inferior?

A

intercostal nerve branches (b/w ribs)

67
Q

What are the movements of the serratus posterior superior & inferior?

A
  • post. superior: elevate the ribs
  • post. inferior: depress the ribs
68
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the serratus posterior superior & inferior?

A

post. superior -> spinous processes

68
Q

What are the distal attachments of the serratus posterior superior & inferior?

A

post. inferior -> lateral ribs

69
Q

What is the erector spinae composed of?

A
  • iliocostalis
  • longissimus
  • spinalis
70
Q

What is the transversospinalis composed of?

A
  • multifidi
  • rotatores
71
Q

What is the arterial supply of the deep (intrinsic) muscles?

A

intercostal art. (branches off from ribs)

72
Q

What are the movements of the deep (intrinsic) muscles?

A
  • extension/flexion
  • lateral bending
  • rotation of head and neck
73
Q

What artery passes through the suboccipital triangle?

Anatomy (23 decks)

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