Pathophysiology of smoking Flashcards
what is the general effect of smoking ?
Tarin the lungs can decrease respiratory efficiency by increasing diffusion distance between air and the blood . This potentially contributes to physical blockages .
can exacerbate any existing respiratory conditions like asthma
what is cilia ?
projections from cells which push materials upwards out of the lungs
how do the airways clear themselves ?
cilia clear the airways by pushing material upwards out of the lungs
what does smoking do to cilia ?
deposits from smoke causes inflammation and damage to the cilia
what is emphysema ?
direct damage and inflammation causes the breakdown of tissues in the lungs
the walls within and between alveoli breaks down converting many air sacs into a smaller number of large ones
what is bronchitis ?
inflammation of the bronchi
results in accumulation of mucus , reducing flow through the airways and a persistent cough to try clear it .
what is pulmonary fibrosis ?
development of scar tissue within the lung
reduces the functional lung volume and is irreversible
what are some symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis ?
breathlessness , low blood oxygen
finger clubbing is a distinctive symptom
can smoking cause cancer outside of the airway ?
yes can cause to other cancer types and areas
what is atherosclerosis ?
smoking increases LDL and reduces HDL levels
promotes plaques in arteries
where does atherosclerosis occur ?
heart / cardiovascular system
what effect does smoke have on heart volume and blood pressure ?
increase heart volume and blood pressure
where does carbon monoxide occur from ?
product of incomplete combustion .
carbon not fully reacted with oxygen to make carbon dioxide
why is carbon monoxide toxic ?
binds to haemoglobin better than oxygen results in decreased oxygen in the blood for the body
heart + lungs must work harder to compensate
what are some other effects of smoking ?
strokes
addiction
reproductive issues
diabetes
death of tissues
general ill health
what is the effect of nicotine on insulin ?
promotes insulin resistance
contributing to blood sugar dysregulation and potentially type 2 diabetes mellitus
what effect does nicotine have on heart rate ?
increases
what effect does nicotine have on vasoconstriction and peripheral blood flow ?
promotes vasoconstriction , reducing peripheral blood flow
cognitively what effect does nicotine have short term ?
cognitive enhancer
long term what effect does nicotine have on mental health and neurologically ?
contributes to mental and neurological problems in the long term
what are the two main divisions cigarette smoke can be divided into ?
mainstream = deliberately inhaled by the smoker
side stream = released from the end of the lit cigarette
is cigars safer than smoking ?
similar in risk
common misconception that they are safer
what is passive smoking ?
refers to inhalation of smoke ( side stream and exhaled mainstream ) without smoking
similar disease and conditions to those who smoke but risk is lower
what is effects of passive smoking during pregnancy ?
development issues for the foetus
how long does it take heart rate and blood pressure to go back to normal after stopping smoking ?
within 20 mins
how long does it take to remove carbon monoxide from the body ?
within 12 hours
how long does it take for the excess mucus and deposits to be coughed up?
within 2 days
what is the percentage of lung cancers which smoking caused ?
80 %
what percentage of cancers overall is caused by smoking ?
15 %
