Brain function 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neuron ?

A

chemical and electrical info and communication cells

variable sizes and structure throughout the nervous system

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2
Q

what is the neurons cellular constituents ?

A

microtubules (transportation)
neurofibrils (structural support)
Nissl substances (protein synthesis )

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3
Q

what are the three components of the neuron ?

A

cell body (soma )
dendrites
axons

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4
Q

where is cell body located ?

A

The CNS

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5
Q

What is dendrites ?

A

receptive portion of the neuron

sends impulses to the cell body

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6
Q

what is the dendritic zone ?

A

receptive portion of the neuron receives stimulus and continues further conduction

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7
Q

what is the axon?

A

carry nerve impulses away from cell body

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8
Q

what is axon hillock ?

A

is a cone shaped , organelle - free area where the axon leaves the cell body

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9
Q

where does action potential begins ?

A

axon hillock

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10
Q

what insulates the axon ?

A

myelin maintained and formed by the Schwann cells

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11
Q

what are nodes of Ranvier ?

A

regular interruptions of the myelin sheath

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12
Q

what is the neurilemma ?

A

Schwann sheath

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13
Q

how can neurons be classified ?

A

basis of the number of processes extending from cell body

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14
Q

what are multipolar neurons ?

A

each with one axon and two or more dendrites

most common

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15
Q

what are bipolar neuron ?

A

with one dendrites and one axon

comprise the sensory neurons of the retina , olfactory epithelium and the inner ear

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16
Q

what are unipolar / pseudounipolar neuron ?

A

includes other sensory neurons

each have single process that bifurcates close to the perikaryon

longer branch extending to peripheral ending to CNS

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17
Q

What are anaxonic neurons ?

A

with many dendrites but no true axon

do not produce action potential

18
Q

is a motor neuron multipolar ?

19
Q

what are sensory neurons ?

A

transmits impulses from peripheral sensory receptor to the CNS

Are transmitted via an afferent pathway

(Afferent = arrive )

20
Q

what are associational / interneurons ?

A

transmits impulses neuron to neuron

21
Q

what are motor neurons ?

A

transmits impulse from the CNS to an effector organ

transmitted via efferent pathway ( efferent = exit)

22
Q

what is neuroglia ?

A

nerve glue

23
Q

what are the four types of neuroglia ?

A

astrocyte
microglial cell
ependymal cell
oligodendrocyte

24
Q

what are Schwann cells also called ?

A

neurolemmocytes

25
what type of cells are schwann cells ?
glial
26
what do Schwann cells do ?
form and maintain myelin sheath
27
what is somatic nervous system ?
voluntary movement
28
what is the autonomic nervous system ?
involuntary movement
29
what are synapses?
regions between adjacent neurons impulses transmitted across synapse by electrical or chemical conduction
30
what is a axoaxonic synapse ?
between axons
31
what is a axosomatic synapse?
axon to cell body
32
what is a axodendritic synapse ?
axon to dendrite
33
what is dendrodentritic synapse ?
dendrite to dendrite
34
what happens to neurons and neuroglia when ageing ?
gradual loss
35
what happens to ventricles when the brain ages?
progressive loss of cell lining ventricles
36
what happens to pigmentation on the brain when ages ?
increase in lipofuscin (brown ) and neuromelanin ( black )
37
what is the hippocampus ?
memory and skill acquisition of the brain
38
what are the NMJ dysfunction ?
inflammation mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress neurodegeneration
39
what are some structural changes when ageing in the nervous system ?
decreased number of neurons decrease brain weight and size fibrosis and thickening of the meninges narrowed gyri and widened sulci increased ventricles
40
what are some cellular changes to the nervous system when ageing ?
decreased myelin deposition of lipofuscin presence of senile plaques multiple neurofibrillary tangles lewy bodies
41