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science for medicine > cell structure and function > Flashcards

cell structure and function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ?

A

prokaryotes Eukaryotes
No membrane-bound organelles whereas Has membrane-bound organelles

DNA in a nucleoid, not separated from the
rest of the cell whereas DNA separated from the rest of the cell in
the nucleus

Single-celled whereas Can be single-celled or multicellular

Circular DNA with no introns whereas Chromosomal DNA with exons and introns

Smaller whereas Larger

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2
Q

what are the two major forms prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria
Archaea

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3
Q

do prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles ?

A

no

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4
Q

how do viruses work ?

A

fundamentally work by injecting their genetic material [ can be DNA or RNA]

Makes copies of the DNA/RNA
makes the protein it codes for

kills cells by getting too full of virus components and burst open

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5
Q

what are the four major kingdom within eukaryotes ?

A

animals
plants
fungi
protist

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6
Q

how can an animal cell be defined by its features ?

A

don’t have a cell wall
don’t have chloroplasts
always multicellular

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7
Q

what are the functions of membranes ?

A

compartmentalisation
communication
selective permeability

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8
Q

what are the three types of membrane proteins ?

A

integral
lipid-anchored
peripheral

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9
Q

what is integral membrane protein?

A

amphipathic

span the membrane

single pass and mulit pass partially embedded

attached to only one side of the membrane

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10
Q

what is lipid anchored membrane ?

A

found on both membrane surfaces

anchored via covalent bonds to lipid molecules within membrane

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11
Q

what is a peripheral membrane protein ?

A
  • Lack hydrophobic regions
  • Do not interact with fatty acid ends of membrane lipids
  • Associated with membrane surface
  • Electrostatic interactions
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Either to other proteins or to polar head groups
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12
Q

What is the functions of membrane proteins ?

A

transport

ATP production

biotransformation [metabolism ]

receptors

cell-cell recognition

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13
Q

what are the two critical functions of the nucleus ?

A

contains the cell hereditary info [DNA]

Coordinates and controls cellular metabolic activity

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14
Q

from latin what does reticulum mean ?

A

Net

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15
Q

what are endoplasmic reticulum’s ?

A

A system of folded, interconnected membranous vesicles

  • Large flattened sac-like structures (cisternae)
  • Internal space called the lumen
  • Two types – smooth and rough ER
  • May account for >50% of the cell’s total membrane content
  • Both types of ER involved in synthesis, storage and transport of
    biomolecules
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16
Q

describe golgi apparatus

A

large sac like membranous vesicles , associated vesicles and tubules

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17
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do ?

A

Involved in packaging and distribution of cell products for internal and external use

  • Vesicles budding off ER travel and are accepted by Golgi
  • Vesicles budding off Golgi travel to the cell surface or other organelles
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18
Q

what membrane are vesicle membrane similar to ?

A

plasma membrane

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19
Q

what are functions of vesicles ?

A

Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Transport vesicles
Secretory vesicles

20
Q

where are largest cell vacuoles found ?

A

plant

21
Q

what are function of vacuole?

A

compartment for storage and transport

22
Q

what are function of transport vesicles ?

A

move molecules within the cell

recognise and fuse only with the target membrane

23
Q

what are the function of secretory vesicles ?

A

contain material to be excreted from the cell

removal of waste

release of chemical signals

24
Q

what are the two types of vesicle fusion ?

A

Full fusion

kiss and run

25
Q

what is the function of mitochondria ?

A

site of aerobic respiration and energy production [ATP]

26
Q

how many membrane does the mitochondria have ?

A

double

27
Q

what does the mitochondria matrix contain ?

A

enzymes
ribosomes
DNA
machinery for producing ATP for the cell

28
Q

what are the three thing the cytoskleton responsible for ?

A

cell movement
cytokinesis [cell division ]
organisation of the organelles

29
Q

what is the cytoskeleton comprised of ?

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

30
Q

what process does stem cells become specialised cells ?

A

differeniation

31
Q

what is a pluripotent cell?

A

can become all cell types except placenta

32
Q

what is a totipotent cell ?

A

can become all cell types

33
Q

what is a multipotent cell ?

A

can become multiple cell type

34
Q

what is a unipotent cell ?

A

can produce one other type of cell and self renew

35
Q

what is a blastomere type of stem cell ?

A
  • Cells coming directly from fertilised zygote
  • Self-renew and become the entire body
  • Totipotent
36
Q

what is an embryonic stem cell ?

A

Embryonic stem cells
* In the blastocyst (the very early embryo)

  • Can not become the placenta (rest of the blastocyst does this)
  • Pluripotent
37
Q

What is an adult stem cell ?

A

Adult stem cells
* Found in the adult body

  • Responsible for repair and maintenance of tissues
  • Mostly multipotent, some are unipotent
38
Q

what are blood cells formed and what from ?

A

bone marrow and from multipotent haematopoietic stem cells

39
Q

what are the three main categories of blood cells ?

A
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leucocytes (white blood cells)
  • Platelets
40
Q

what are some of the features of red blood cells ?

A
  • Lack most organelles
  • Do not contain DNA
  • Limited repair capabilities and lifespan
41
Q

what type of stem cells are neurones ?

A

self renewing multipotent stem cells

42
Q

what three basic cell types does it generate ?

A
  • Neurons
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
43
Q

what are neurones specialised to do ?

A

transmit infomation

longest and oldest cell in the body

44
Q

what is spermatogenesis ?

A

Haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules

45
Q

how is a sperm cell adapted ?

A
  • Head (acrosome & nucleus)
  • Tail (undulipodium)
  • Small and thin

science for medicine (16 decks)

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