cardiovascular system physiology

Question 1

What is the main organ in the cardiovascular system ?

Answer 1

heart

Question 2

what’s involve in the venous system in the cardiovascular system ?

Answer 2

veins
venules

Question 3

what’s involved in the arterial system in cardiovascular system ?

Answer 3

Arteries
arterioles

Question 4

if taking a blood sample from the venepuncture route ,where is the site its taken from and what type of blood composition ?

Answer 4

site = vein [median cubital , cephalic or basilic vein ]

blood composition = venous blood

Question 5

if taking a blood sample from the arterial blood , what is the site taken from and the blood composition ?

Answer 5

site = artery [ radial or femoral artery ]

blood composition = arterial blood

Question 6

if taking blood from the finger tip route , what is the site its taken from and the blood composition ?

Answer 6

site =capillary [ second and third finger]

blood composition = mixed venous - arterial blood

Question 7

if blood is taken from the heel prick route , what’s its site its taken from and blood composition ?

Answer 7

site = capillary [medial or lateral surface]

blood composition = mixed venous - arterial blood

Question 8

label the heart

Answer 8

look at lecture slides

Question 9

what is the myocardium ?

Answer 9

thicker layer of specialised muscle tissue in the heart

Question 10

what is the myocardium composed of ?

Answer 10

cardiomyocytes and intercalated discs

Question 11

is myocardium smooth or striated muscle ?

Answer 11

striated muscle

Question 12

is myocardium muscle involved in voluntary or involuntary contractions

Answer 12

involuntary

Question 13

describe how action potential is produced at the heart by electrophysiology ?

Answer 13

1 - imitates at the Sino-atrial node

2- spreads across the atria

3- received at the atrio- ventricular node

4- diverted down the bundle of his

5- travels down the septum

6- travels along the bundle branches

7- conducted along by the Purkinje fibres

8- spreads across the ventricles

Question 14

what is the P wave in an ECG?

Answer 14

atrial depolarization

Question 15

What is the PR interval in an ECG ?

Answer 15

Time between onset of depolarisation in the atria and onset of depolarisation in the ventricles

Question 16

what is the QRS complex in an ECG ?

Answer 16

Ventricular depolarization

Question 17

what is the ST segment of the ECG ?

Answer 17

plateau phase of ventricular depolarization

Question 18

what is the T wave in the ECG ?

Answer 18

Ventricular repolarization

Question 19

what is the QT interval in an ECG ?

Answer 19

ventricular depolarization and repolarization

Question 20

what is the roles of the blood?

Answer 20

transport
blood clots
immunity

Question 21

what percentage of the blood is haematocrit , buffy coat and plasma ?

Answer 21

haematocrit = 45 %
buffy coat = <1%
plasma = 55%

Question 22

what is in a haematocrit ?

Answer 22

erythrocytes [red blood cells]

Question 23

what is in the buffy coat ?

Answer 23

Leukocytes [ white blood cells ]
platelets

Question 24

what is in the plasma ?

Answer 24

water
proteins
other solutes [ ions and gases ]

Question 25

if someone has anaemia what is its effect on blood composition ?

Answer 25

depressed haematocrit [ less ]

Question 26

if someone has polycythaemia , what will there blood composition look like ?

Answer 26

elevated haematocrit

Question 27

where is erythrocytes produced ?

Answer 27

bone marrow

Question 28

what hormone is erythrocytes regulated by ?

Answer 28

EPO [ erythropoietin ]

Question 29

what shape are erythrocytes and why are they this shape ?

Answer 29

biconcave shape and to have a large surface area

Question 30

how many binding sites do haemoglobin contain ?

Answer 30

four

Question 31

what is blood pressure ?

Answer 31

the force of circulated blood on the walls of the arteries during contraction [ systole ] and relaxation [ diastole ]

Question 32

blood and plasma experience resistance as they travel through blood vessels ,what is the resistance determined by ?

Answer 32

blood vessel diameter blood viscosity blood vessel length

Question 33

what is the equation to calculate cardiac output ?

Answer 33

heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

Question 34

what is the word for high blood pressure ?

Answer 34

hypEr tension

Question 35

what is the word for low blood pressure ?

Answer 35

hypOtension

Question 36

what are some of the possible effects of hypertension and hypotension ?

Answer 36

heart disease kidney damage stroke

Question 37

what are some of the lifestyle factors which can effect blood pressure?

Answer 37

smoking physical activity alcohol consumption stress overweigh and obesity caffeine consumption sleep disturbance